Benin

Presidential RepublicPop15.2MGDP (PPP)$56.4BCI44Beta CP0.0→Beta

Benin

⌘K

Overview

Background: Present-day Benin is comprised of about 42 ethnic groups, including the Yoruba in the southeast, who migrated from what is now Nigeria in the 12th century; the Dendi in the north-central area, who came from Mali in the 16th century; the Bariba and the Fula in the northeast; the Ottamari in the Atakora mountains; the Fon in the area around Abomey in the south-central area; and the Mina, Xueda, and Aja, who came from Togo, on the coast. The Kingdom of Dahomey emerged on the Abomey plateau in the 17th century and was a regional power for much of the 18th and 19th centuries. The growth of Dahomey coincided with the growth of the Atlantic slave trade, and it became known as a major source of enslaved people. France began to control the coastal areas of Dahomey in the second half of the 19th century; the entire kingdom was conquered by 1894. French Dahomey achieved independence in 1960, and it changed its name to the Republic of Benin in 1975.

A succession of military governments ended in 1972 with the rise to power of Mathieu KEREKOU and a Marxist-Leninist government. A move to representative government began in 1989. Two years later, free elections ushered in former Prime Minister Nicephore SOGLO as president, marking the first successful transfer of power in Africa from a dictatorship to a democracy. KEREKOU returned to power after elections in 1996 and 2001. He stepped down in 2006 and was succeeded by Thomas YAYI Boni, a political outsider and independent, who won a second term in 2011. Patrice TALON, a wealthy businessman, took office in 2016; the space for pluralism, dissent, and free expression has narrowed under his administration. TALON won a second term in 2021.

Geography

Area

Land: 110,622 sq km
Water: 2,000 sq km
Total: 112,622 sq km

Climate: tropical; hot, humid in south; semiarid in north
Terrain: mostly flat to undulating plain; some hills and low mountains

Land Use

Other: 29.7% (2023 est.)
Forest: 28.5% (2023 est.)
Agricultural land: 41.8% (2023 est.)
Agricultural land: arable land: arable land: 31.4% (2023 est.)
Agricultural land: permanent crops: permanent crops: 5.5% (2023 est.)
Agricultural land: permanent pasture: permanent pasture: 4.9% (2023 est.)

Location: Western Africa, bordering the Bight of Benin, between Nigeria and Togo
Coastline: 121 km

Elevation

Lowest point: Atlantic Ocean 0 m
Highest point: unnamed elevation 675 m; located 2.5 km southeast of the town of Kotopounga
Mean elevation: 273 m

Irrigated land: 530 sq km (2019)
Map references: Africa

Land Boundaries

Total: 2,123 km
Border countries: Burkina Faso 386 km; Niger 277 km; Nigeria 809 km; Togo 651 km

Maritime Claims

Territorial sea: 200 nm; note: the US does not recognize this claim
Continental shelf: 200 nm
Exclusive fishing zone: 200 nm

Natural hazards: hot, dry, dusty harmattan wind may affect north from December to March
Geography note: sandbanks create difficult access to a coast with no natural harbors, river mouths, or islands
Natural resources: small offshore oil deposits, limestone, marble, timber
Area comparative: slightly smaller than Pennsylvania
Geographic coordinates: 9 30 N, 2 15 E
Population distribution: the population is primarily located in the south, with the highest concentration of people residing in and around the cities on the Atlantic coast; most of the north remains sparsely populated with higher concentrations of residents in the west, as shown in this population distribution map

Major Watersheds (Area Sq Km)

Atlantic ocean drainage: Niger (2,261,741 sq km), Volta (410,991 sq km)

People & Society

Literacy

Male: 62.6% (2022 est.)
Female: 41.5% (2022 est.)
Total population: 51.4% (2022 est.)

Languages: 55 languages; French (official); Fon (a Gbe language), Yom (a Gur language) and Yoruba are the most important indigenous languages in the south; half a dozen regionally important languages in the north, including Bariba and Fulfulde
Religions: Muslim 27.7%, Roman Catholic 25.5%, Protestant 13.5% (Celestial 6.7%, Methodist 3.4%, other Protestant 3.4%), Vodoun 11.6%, other Christian 9.5%, other traditional religions 2.6%, other 2.6%, none 5.8% (2013 est.)

Sex Ratio

At birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
0 14 years: 1.02 male(s)/female
15 64 years: 0.94 male(s)/female
Total population: 0.97 male(s)/female (2024 est.)
65 years and over: 0.84 male(s)/female

Birth rate: 39.82 births/1,000 population (2025 est.)
Death rate: 7.45 deaths/1,000 population (2025 est.)

Median Age

Male: 16.6 years
Total: 17.2 years (2025 est.)
Female: 17.7 years

Population

Male: 7,500,771
Total: 15,186,090 (2025 est.)
Female: 7,685,319

Nationality

Noun: Beninese (singular and plural)
Adjective: Beninese

Tobacco Use

Male: 8.3% (2025 est.)
Total: 4.8% (2025 est.)
Female: 1.5% (2025 est.)

Urbanization

Urban population: 50.1% of total population (2023)
Rate of urbanization: 3.74% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)

Age Structure

0 14 years: 45.3% (male 3,360,027/female 3,294,201)
15 64 years: 52.2% (male 3,727,040/female 3,951,786)
65 years and over: 2.5% (2024 est.) (male 166,191/female 197,807)

Ethnic groups: Fon and related 38.4%, Adja and related 15.1%, Yoruba and related 12%, Bariba and related 9.6%, Fulani and related 8.6%, Ottamari and related 6.1%, Yoa-Lokpa and related 4.3%, Dendi and related 2.9%, other 0.9%, foreigner 1.9% (2013 est.)

Child Marriage

Men married BY age 18: 4.6% (2022)
Women married BY age 15: 5.9% (2022)
Women married BY age 18: 27.5% (2022)

Dependency Ratios

Total dependency ratio: 91.1 (2025 est.)
Youth dependency ratio: 86.3 (2025 est.)
Potential support ratio: 21 (2025 est.)
Elderly dependency ratio: 4.8 (2025 est.)

Physician density: 0.22 physicians/1,000 population (2023)

Health Expenditure

Health expenditure (as % of GDP): 2.6% of GDP (2021)
Health expenditure (as % of national budget): 2.6% of national budget (2022 est.)

Net migration rate: 0.22 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2025 est.)
Hospital bed density: 0.4 beds/1,000 population (2021 est.)
Total fertility rate: 5.3 children born/woman (2025 est.)

Drinking Water Source

Improved: rural: rural: 60.8% of population (2022 est.)
Improved: total: total: 67.4% of population (2022 est.)
Improved: urban: urban: 74.1% of population (2022 est.)
Unimproved: rural: rural: 39.2% of population (2022 est.)
Unimproved: total: total: 32.6% of population (2022 est.)
Unimproved: urban: urban: 25.9% of population (2022 est.)

Education Expenditure

Education expenditure (% GDP): 3.2% of GDP (2023 est.)
Education expenditure (% national budget): 18% national budget (2025 est.)

Infant Mortality Rate

Male: 57.8 deaths/1,000 live births
Total: 51.6 deaths/1,000 live births (2025 est.)
Female: 47.8 deaths/1,000 live births

Population growth rate: 3.26% (2025 est.)
Gross reproduction rate: 2.59 (2025 est.)
Population distribution: the population is primarily located in the south, with the highest concentration of people residing in and around the cities on the Atlantic coast; most of the north remains sparsely populated with higher concentrations of residents in the west, as shown in this population distribution map

Life Expectancy at Birth

Male: 61.1 years
Female: 65 years
Total population: 63 years (2024 est.)

Maternal mortality ratio: 518 deaths/100,000 live births (2023 est.)

Sanitation Facility Access

Improved: rural: rural: 20.8% of population (2022 est.)
Improved: total: total: 39.5% of population (2022 est.)
Improved: urban: urban: 58.5% of population (2022 est.)
Unimproved: rural: rural: 79.2% of population (2022 est.)
Unimproved: total: total: 60.5% of population (2022 est.)
Unimproved: urban: urban: 41.5% of population (2022 est.)

Alcohol Consumption Per Capita

Beer: 0.81 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
Wine: 0.02 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
Total: 1.25 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
Spirits: 0.2 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
Other alcohols: 0.22 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

Major urban areas population: 285,000 PORTO-NOVO (capital) (2018); 1.253 million Abomey-Calavi, 722,000 COTONOU (seat of government) (2022)
Obesity adult prevalence rate: 9.6% (2016)
Mother's mean age at first birth: 20.5 years (2017/18 est.)
Currently married women (ages 15 49): 65.7% (2022 est.)
Children under the age of 5 years underweight: 19.6% (2021 est.)

School Life Expectancy (Primary to Tertiary Education)

Male: 11 years (2022 est.)
Total: 10 years (2022 est.)
Female: 9 years (2022 est.)

Government

Civica · structure

How power is organised

ExecutiveLegislative

Flag: description: two equal horizontal bands of yellow (top) and red (bottom) to the right, with a vertical green band on the left side

meaning: green stands for hope and revival, yellow for wealth, and red for courage

history: uses the colors of the Pan-African movement

Capital

Name: Porto-Novo (constitutional capital); Cotonou (seat of government)
Etymology: the name Porto-Novo is Portuguese for "new port"; Cotonou means "mouth of the river of death" in the native Fon language
Time difference: UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)
Geographic coordinates: 6 29 N, 2 37 E

Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal

Citizenship

Citizenship BY birth: no
Citizenship BY descent only: at least one parent must be a citizen of Benin
Dual citizenship recognized: yes
Residency requirement for naturalization: 10 years

Constitution

History: previous 1946, 1958 (pre-independence); latest adopted by referendum 2 December 1990, promulgated 11 December 1990
Amendment process: proposed concurrently by the president of the republic (after a decision in the Council of Ministers) and the National Assembly; consideration of drafts or proposals requires at least three-fourths majority vote of the Assembly membership; passage requires approval in a referendum unless approved by at least four-fifths majority vote of the Assembly membership; constitutional articles affecting territorial sovereignty, the republican form of government, and secularity of Benin cannot be amended

Country Name

Former: Dahomey, People's Republic of Benin
Etymology: the current name comes from a local ethnic group, the Bini, whose name may be related to the Arabic word bani, meaning "sons;" the former name, Dahomey, comes from a previous kingdom in the area called Dan Homé
Local long form: République du Benin
Local short form: Benin
Conventional long form: Republic of Benin
Conventional short form: Benin

Independence: 1 August 1960 (from France)
Legal system: civil law system modeled largely on the French system and some customary law
Government type: presidential republic

Judicial Branch

Note: note: jurisdiction of the High Court of Justice is limited to cases of high treason by the national president or members of the government while in office
Highest court(s): Supreme Court or Cour Supreme (consists of the chief justice and 16 justices organized into an administrative division, judicial chamber, and chamber of accounts); Constitutional Court or Cour Constitutionnelle (consists of 7 members, including the court president); High Court of Justice (consists of the Constitutional Court members, 6 members appointed by the National Assembly, and the Supreme Court president) 
Subordinate courts: Court of Appeal or Cour d'Appel; Court for the Repression of Economic and Terrorism Infractions (CRIET) or Cour de Répression des Infractions Economiques et du Terrorisme; district courts; village courts; Assize courts
Judge selection and term of office: Supreme Court president and judges appointed by the president of the republic on the advice of the National Assembly; judges appointed for single renewable 5-year terms; Constitutional Court members - 4 appointed by the National Assembly and 3 by the president of the republic; members appointed for single renewable 5-year terms; other members of the High Court of Justice elected by the National Assembly; member tenure NA

Executive Branch

Note: note: the president is both head of state and head of government
Cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president
Chief of state: President Patrice TALON (since 6 April 2016)
Election results: 2021: Patrice TALON reelected president in the ; percent of vote - Patrice TALON (independent) 86.3%, Alassane SOUMANOU (FCBE) 11.4%, Corentin KOHOUE (The Democrats) 2.3%

2016: Patrice TALON elected president in second round; percent of vote in first round - Lionel ZINSOU (FCBE) 28.4%, Patrice TALON (independent) 24.8%, Sebastien AJAVON (independent) 23%, Abdoulaye Bio TCHANE (ABT) 8.8%, Pascal KOUPAKI (NC) 5.9%, other 9.1%; percent of vote in second round - Patrice TALON 65.4%, Lionel ZINSOU 34.6%
Head of government: President Patrice TALON (since 6 April 2016)
Most recent election date: 11 April 2021
Election/appointment process: president directly elected by absolute-majority popular vote in 2 rounds, if needed, for a 5-year term (eligible for a second term)
Expected date of next election: 12 April 2026

National holiday: Independence Day, 1 August (1960)
National color(s): green, yellow, red

National Heritage

Total world heritage sites: 3 (2 cultural, 1 natural)
Selected world heritage site locales: Royal Palaces of Abomey (c); W-Arly-Pendjari Complex (n); Koutammakou, the Land of the Batammariba (c)

Political parties: African Movement for Development and Progress or MADEP
Benin Renaissance or RB
Cowrie Force for an Emerging Benin or FCBE
Democratic Renewal Party or PRD
Progressive Union for Renewal
Republican Bloc
Sun Alliance or AS
The Democrats
Union Makes the Nation or UN (includes PRD, MADEP)

Legislative Branch

Note: note: seat total includes 24 seats reserved for women
Term in office: 4 years
Number of seats: 109 (all directly elected)
Electoral system: proportional representation
Legislature name: National Assembly (Assemblée nationale)
Scope of elections: full renewal
Legislative structure: unicameral
Most recent election date: 1/8/2023
Expected date of next election: January 2026
Percentage of women in chamber: 26.6%
Parties elected and seats per party: Progressive Union for Renewal (53); Republican Block (BR) (28); Democrats (28)

National Anthem(s)

Title: "L'Aube Nouvelle" (The Dawn of a New Day)
History: adopted 1960
Lyrics/music: Gilbert Jean DAGNON

National symbol(s): leopard
Administrative divisions: 12 departments; Alibori, Atacora, Atlantique, Borgou, Collines, Couffo, Donga, Littoral, Mono, Oueme, Plateau, Zou

Diplomatic Representation in the US

Fax: [1] (202) 265-1996
Chancery: 2124 Kalorama Road NW, Washington, DC 20008
Telephone: [1] (202) 232-6656
Chief of mission: Ambassador Agniola AHOUANMENOU (since 24 July 2025)
Email address and website: ambassade.washington@gouv.bj

https://beninembassy.us/

Diplomatic Representation from the US

Fax: [229] 21-30-03-84
Embassy: 01BP 2012, Cotonou
Telephone: [229] 21-36-75-00
Mailing address: 2120 Cotonou Place, Washington DC 20521-2120
Chief of mission: Ambassador Brian SHUKAN (since 5 May 2022)
Email address and website: ACSCotonou@state.gov

https://bj.usembassy.gov/

International organisations: ACP, AfDB, AU, CD, ECOWAS, Entente, FAO, FZ, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, MNJTF, MONUSCO, NAM, OAS (observer), OIC, OIF, OPCW, PCA, UN, UNAMID, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNHRC, UNIDO, UNISFA, UNMIL, UNMISS, UNOCI, UNOOSA, UNWTO, UPU, WADB (regional), WAEMU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
International law organization participation: has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; accepts ICCt jurisdiction

Legislature

BENIN · LEGISLATURE

National Assembly

109 seats · hover a seat for the party

Total seats

109

Majority line

Largest party

Progressive Union for Renewal

Parties

All political parties2 parties · 109 seats · click to dim in hemicycle

Leaders

Current

PT
Patrice Talon
- Head of StateSince 2016
- Head of GovernmentSince 2016

Economy

Budget

Revenues: $2.024 billion (2019 est.)
Expenditures: $2.101 billion (2019 est.)

Exports

Civica canonical (reconciled): $4.0B

Note: note: balance of payments - exports of goods and services in current dollars
Exports 2021: $4.154 billion (2021 est.)
Exports 2022: $4.271 billion (2022 est.)
Exports 2023: $4.511 billion (2023 est.)

Imports

Civica canonical (reconciled): $4.7B

Note: note: balance of payments - imports of goods and services in current dollars
Imports 2021: $4.925 billion (2021 est.)
Imports 2022: $5.296 billion (2022 est.)
Imports 2023: $6.189 billion (2023 est.)

Industries: textiles, food processing, construction materials, cement
Labor force: 6.397 million (2024 est.)

Public Debt

Civica canonical (reconciled): 49.7% of GDP (2016 est.)

Public debt 2016: 49.7% of GDP (2016 est.)

Remittances

Note: note: personal transfers and compensation between resident and non-resident individuals/households/entities
Remittances 2021: 1.3% of GDP (2021 est.)
Remittances 2022: 1.4% of GDP (2022 est.)
Remittances 2023: 1.7% of GDP (2023 est.)

Exchange Rates

Currency: Communaute Financiere Africaine francs (XOF) per US dollar -
Exchange rates 2020: 574.295 (2020 est.)
Exchange rates 2021: 554.608 (2021 est.)
Exchange rates 2022: 622.912 (2022 est.)
Exchange rates 2023: 606.655 (2023 est.)
Exchange rates 2024: 606.345 (2024 est.)

Debt External

Note: note: present value of external debt in current US dollars
Debt external 2023: $6.309 billion (2023 est.)

Economic overview: robust economic growth; slightly declining but still widespread poverty; strong trade relations with Nigeria; cotton exporter; COVID-19 has led to capital outflows and border closures; WAEMU member with currency pegged to the euro; recent fiscal deficit and debt reductions

Unemployment Rate

Civica canonical (reconciled): 1.6%

Note: note: % of labor force seeking employment
Unemployment rate 2022: 1.7% (2022 est.)
Unemployment rate 2023: 1.7% (2023 est.)
Unemployment rate 2024: 1.8% (2024 est.)

Exports partners: UAE 42%, Bangladesh 20%, India 11%, China 5%, Togo 3% (2023)
Imports partners: China 21%, India 15%, USA 6%, France 6%, Nigeria 4% (2023)

Real GDP Per Capita

Civica canonical (reconciled): $4,435

Note: note: data in 2021 dollars
Real GDP per capita 2022: $3,600 (2022 est.)
Real GDP per capita 2023: $3,700 (2023 est.)
Real GDP per capita 2024: $3,900 (2024 est.)

Real GDP Growth Rate

Civica canonical (reconciled): 7.5%

Note: note: annual GDP % growth based on constant local currency
Real GDP growth rate 2022: 6.3% (2022 est.)
Real GDP growth rate 2023: 6.4% (2023 est.)
Real GDP growth rate 2024: 7.5% (2024 est.)

Agricultural products: cassava, yams, maize, oil palm fruit, cotton, soybeans, rice, pineapples, tomatoes, chillies/peppers (2023)
Exports commodities: gold, cotton, coconuts/brazil nuts/cashews, soybeans, wood (2023)
Imports commodities: rice, refined petroleum, palm oil, poultry, cars (2023)

Current Account Balance

Civica canonical (reconciled): -$1.6B

Note: note: balance of payments - net trade and primary/secondary income in current dollars
Current account balance 2021: -$734.659 million (2021 est.)
Current account balance 2022: -$991.005 million (2022 est.)
Current account balance 2023: -$1.609 billion (2023 est.)

GDP (official exchange rate): $21.483 billion (2024 est.)

GDP Composition, BY End Use

Note: note: figures may not total 100% due to rounding or gaps in data collection
Household consumption: 58.9% (2024 est.)
Government consumption: 9% (2024 est.)
Investment in inventories: 0.4% (2024 est.)
Investment in fixed capital: 34.7% (2024 est.)
Exports of goods and services: 18.8% (2024 est.)
Imports of goods and services: -21.8% (2024 est.)

Population below poverty line: 38.5% (2018 est.)

Inflation Rate (Consumer Prices)

Civica canonical (reconciled): 1.2%

Note: note: annual % change based on consumer prices
Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2022: 1.4% (2022 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2023: 2.7% (2023 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2024: 1.2% (2024 est.)

Industrial production growth rate: 9.7% (2024 est.)

Real GDP (Purchasing Power Parity)

Civica canonical (reconciled): $56.424 billion (2024 est.)

Note: note: data in 2021 dollars
Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2022: $49.374 billion (2022 est.)
Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2023: $52.51 billion (2023 est.)
Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2024: $56.424 billion (2024 est.)

Youth Unemployment Rate (Ages 15 24)

Male: 3.6% (2024 est.)
Note: note: % of labor force ages 15-24 seeking employment
Total: 3.3% (2024 est.)
Female: 2.9% (2024 est.)

GDP Composition, BY Sector of Origin

Note: note: figures may not total 100% due to non-allocated consumption not captured in sector-reported data
Industry: 17.4% (2024 est.)
Services: 48.9% (2024 est.)
Agriculture: 24.2% (2024 est.)

Note: note: % share of income accruing to lowest and highest 10% of population
Lowest 10%: 3.1% (2021 est.)
Highest 10%: 27.2% (2021 est.)

Gini Index Coefficient Distribution of Family Income

Note: note: index (0-100) of income distribution; higher values represent greater inequality
Gini index coefficient distribution of family income 2021: 34.4 (2021 est.)

Energy

Coal

Imports: 164,000 metric tons (2023 est.)
Consumption: 164,000 metric tons (2023 est.)

Petroleum

Crude oil estimated reserves: 8 million barrels (2021 est.)
Refined petroleum consumption: 40,000 bbl/day (2023 est.)

Electricity

Exports: 2 million kWh (2023 est.)
Imports: 844.888 million kWh (2023 est.)
Consumption: 1.459 billion kWh (2023 est.)
Installed generating capacity: 505,000 kW (2023 est.)
Transmission/distribution losses: 385 million kWh (2023 est.)

Natural Gas

Imports: 157.25 million cubic meters (2023 est.)
Consumption: 157.25 million cubic meters (2023 est.)
Proven reserves: 1.133 billion cubic meters (2021 est.)

Electricity Access

Electrification rural areas: 45.5%
Electrification urban areas: 71.1%
Electrification total population: 56.5% (2022 est.)

Energy Consumption Per Capita

Total energy consumption per capita 2023: 6.472 million Btu/person (2023 est.)

Electricity Generation Sources

Solar: 3.3% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
Fossil fuels: 96.7% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)

Communications

Internet Users

Percent of population: 32% (2023 est.)

Broadcast media: state-run Office de Radiodiffusion et de Télévision du Benin (ORTB) operates a TV station with a wide broadcast reach; several privately owned TV stations broadcast from Cotonou; satellite TV subscription service is available; state-owned radio, under ORTB control, includes a national station supplemented by a number of regional stations; substantial number of privately owned radio stations; transmissions of a few international broadcasters are available on FM in Cotonou (2019)
Internet country code: .bj

Telephones Fixed Lines

Total subscriptions: 1,350 (2024 est.)
Subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: (2024 est.) less than 1

Telephones Mobile Cellular

Total subscriptions: 18.2 million (2024 est.)
Subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 126 (2024 est.)

Broadband Fixed Subscriptions

Total: 24,000 (2023 est.)
Subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: (2023 est.) less than 1

Transport

Ports

Large: 0
Small: 0
Medium: 1
Key ports: Cotonou
Very small: 0
Total ports: 1 (2024)
Ports with oil terminals: 1

Airports: 10 (2025)

Railways

Total: 438 km (2014)
Narrow gauge: 438 km (2014) 1.000-m gauge

Merchant Marine

Total: 6 (2023)
BY type: other 6

Civil aircraft registration country code prefix: TY

Environment

Climate: tropical; hot, humid in south; semiarid in north

Land Use

Other: 29.7% (2023 est.)
Forest: 28.5% (2023 est.)
Agricultural land: 41.8% (2023 est.)
Agricultural land: arable land: arable land: 31.4% (2023 est.)
Agricultural land: permanent crops: permanent crops: 5.5% (2023 est.)
Agricultural land: permanent pasture: permanent pasture: 4.9% (2023 est.)

Urbanization

Urban population: 50.1% of total population (2023)
Rate of urbanization: 3.74% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)

Methane Emissions

Other: 43.5 kt (2019-2021 est.)
Waste: 34.3 kt (2019-2021 est.)
Energy: 63.4 kt (2022-2024 est.)
Agriculture: 106.1 kt (2019-2021 est.)

Waste and Recycling

Municipal solid waste generated annually: 685,900 tons (2024 est.)
Percent of municipal solid waste recycled: 56.9% (2022 est.)

Environmental issues: inadequate supplies of potable water; water pollution; poaching; deforestation; desertification; droughts

Total Water Withdrawal

Municipal: 145 million cubic meters (2022 est.)
Industrial: 30 million cubic meters (2022 est.)
Agricultural: 59 million cubic meters (2022 est.)

Carbon Dioxide Emissions

Total emissions: 5.948 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)
From consumed natural gas: 306,000 metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)
From coal and metallurgical coke: 379,000 metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)
From petroleum and other liquids: 5.263 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)

Particulate matter emissions: 32.6 micrograms per cubic meter (2019 est.)
Total renewable water resources: 26.39 billion cubic meters (2022 est.)

International Environmental Agreements

Party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping-London Convention, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 2006, Wetlands, Whaling
Signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Military & Security

Military note: the Beninese Armed Forces (FAB) are responsible for defense against external aggression and may be required to assist in maintaining public order and internal security under conditions defined by the country's president; it may also participate in economic development projects

a key focus for the security forces of Benin is countering infiltrations into the country by terrorist groups tied to al-Qa'ida and the Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham (ISIS) operating just over the border from northern Benin in Burkina Faso and Niger; in 2022, the Benin Government said it was "at war" after suffering a series of attacks from these groups; later that same year, President TALON pledged to increase the size of the military, modernize military equipment, and establish forward operating bases; the military since 2022 has also deployed thousands of additional troops to the north of the country to better secure the border region; in addition, the FAB participates in the Multinational Joint Task Force (MNJTF) against Boko Haram and ISIS-West Africa in the general area of the Lake Chad Basin and along Nigeria's northeastern border (2025)

Military Expenditures

Civica canonical (reconciled): 0.7%

Military expenditures 2020: 0.5% of GDP (2020 est.)
Military expenditures 2021: 0.7% of GDP (2021 est.)
Military expenditures 2022: 0.7% of GDP (2022 est.)
Military expenditures 2023: 0.5% of GDP (2023 est.)
Military expenditures 2024: 0.7% of GDP (2024 est.)

Military and security forces: Beninese Armed Forces (Forces Armees Beninoises, FAB; aka Benin Defense Forces): Army, Air Force, National Navy, National Guard (aka Republican Guard)

Ministry of Interior and Public Security: Republican Police (Police Republicaine, DGPR) (2025)
Military service age and obligation: 18-30 years of age for voluntary and selective compulsory military service for men and women; compulsory service is 18 months (2025)
Military equipment inventories and acquisitions: the military is equipped with a mix of older, secondhand, and limited amounts of newer equipment from a variety of suppliers, including China, France, Germany, South Africa, the former Soviet Union, Spain, and the US (2025)
Military and security service personnel strengths: estimated 10-12,000 active duty Armed Forces (including National Guard) (2025)

Terrorism

Terrorist group(s): Jama’at Nusrat al Islam wal Muslimeen (JNIM); Islamic State in the Greater Sahara (ISIS-GS); Boko Haram

Transnational Issues

Refugees and Internally Displaced Persons

Idps: 12,501 (2024 est.)
Refugees: 23,225 (2024 est.)

Scores & Rankings

ScoreValueGlobal rankTrendAs of

Civica Index44.0 / 100as of 2024-Q4100 / 1902024-Q4

V-Dem Liberal Democracy0.33as of 2024-Q490 / 1702024-Q4

Freedom House StatusNot Free (58/100)as of 2024-Q4—2024-Q4

Press Freedom (RSF)Partly free (50/100)as of 2024—2024

Cite this page

Cite this pageAPA · BibTeX · Chicago · JSON

Civica. (2026). Civica Atlas — Benin — vintage 2026-Q1: Benin factbook. Civica Atlas. Retrieved May 7, 2026, from https://civicaatlas.org/factbook/benin

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Sources: FAO FAOSTAT, ILO ILOSTAT, IMF (WEO), UN Statistics Division, UNDP HDR, UNESCO Institute for Statistics, V-Dem, WHO Global Health Observatory, World Bank, WTO Stats, CIA World Factbook, Wikidata

Benin

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