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Comoros

Federal Presidential RepublicPop912KGDP (PPP)$3.1BCI25BetaCP0.0Beta

Overview

Background
For centuries prior to colonization in the 19th century, the Comoros archipelago in the Indian Ocean served as a key node in maritime trade networks that connected the Middle East, India, and eastern African regions. Composed of the islands of Anjouan, Mayotte, Moheli, and Grande Comore, Comoros spent most of the 20th century as a colonial outpost until it declared independence from France on 6 July 1975. Residents of Mayotte, however, voted to remain in France, and the French Government has since classified it as a French Overseas Department.

Since independence, Comoros has weathered approximately 20 successful and attempted coups, mostly between 1975 and 2000, resulting in prolonged political instability and stunted economic development. In 2002, President AZALI Assoumani became the first elected president following the completion of the Fomboni Accords, in which the islands of Grande Comore, Anjouan, and Moheli agreed to rotate the presidency among the islands every five years. This power-sharing agreement also included provisions allowing each island to maintain its local government. In 2007, Mohamed BACAR effected Anjouan's de-facto secession from the Union of the Comoros, refusing to step down when Comoros' other islands held legitimate elections. The African Union (AU) initially attempted to resolve the political crisis with sanctions and a naval blockade of Anjouan, but in 2008, the AU and Comoran soldiers seized the island. The island's inhabitants generally welcomed the move. In 2011, Ikililou DHOININE won the presidency in peaceful elections widely deemed to be free and fair. In closely contested elections in 2016, AZALI won a second term, when the rotating presidency returned to Grande Comore. In 2018, a referendum -- which the opposition parties boycotted -- approved a new constitution that extended presidential term limits and abolished the requirement for the presidency to rotate between the three main islands. AZALI formed a new government later that year, and he subsequently ran and was reelected in 2019. AZALI was reelected again in January 2024 in an election that the opposition disputed but the Supreme Court validated.

Geography

Area

Land
2,235 sq km
Water
0 sq km
Total
2,235 sq km
Climate
tropical marine; rainy season (November to May)
Terrain
volcanic islands, interiors vary from steep mountains to low hills

Land Use

Other
10.7% (2023 est.)
Forest
17.8% (2023 est.)
Agricultural land
71.5% (2023 est.)
Agricultural land: arable land
arable land: 34.9% (2023 est.)
Agricultural land: permanent crops
permanent crops: 28.5% (2023 est.)
Agricultural land: permanent pasture
permanent pasture: 8.1% (2023 est.)
Location
Southern Africa, group of islands at the northern mouth of the Mozambique Channel, about two-thirds of the way between northern Madagascar and northern Mozambique
Coastline
340 km

Elevation

Lowest point
Indian Ocean 0 m
Highest point
Karthala 2,360 m
Irrigated land
1.3 sq km (2012)
Map references
Africa

Land Boundaries

Total
0 km

Maritime Claims

Territorial sea
12 nm
Exclusive economic zone
200 nm
Natural hazards
cyclones possible during rainy season (December to April); volcanic activity on Grand Comore

volcanism: Karthala (2,361 m) on Grand Comore Island last erupted in 2007; a 2005 eruption forced thousands of people to be evacuated and produced a large ash cloud
Geography note
important location at northern end of Mozambique Channel; the only Arab League country that lies entirely in the Southern Hemisphere
Natural resources
fish
Area comparative
slightly more than 12 times the size of Washington, D.C.
Geographic coordinates
12 10 S, 44 15 E
Population distribution
the capital city of Maroni, on the western side of the island of Grande Comore, is the country's largest city; however, Anjouan is the most densely populated of the three islands that comprise Comoros, as shown in this population distribution map

People & Society

Literacy

Male
79.9% (2021 est.)
Female
72.2% (2021 est.)
Total population
75.8% (2021 est.)
Languages
Arabic (official), French (official), Shikomoro (official; similar to Swahili), Comorian
Religions
Muslim 98.1% (overwhelmingly Sunni Muslim, small Shia Muslim and Ahmadiyya Muslim populations), ethnic religionist 1.1%, Christian 0.6%, other 0.3% (2020 est.)

Sex Ratio

At birth
1.03 male(s)/female
0 14 years
1 male(s)/female
15 64 years
0.92 male(s)/female
Total population
0.94 male(s)/female (2024 est.)
65 years and over
0.77 male(s)/female
Birth rate
21.12 births/1,000 population (2025 est.)
Death rate
6.38 deaths/1,000 population (2025 est.)

Median Age

Male
22.1 years
Total
23.1 years (2025 est.)
Female
23.3 years

Population

Male
441,215
Total
911,707 (2025 est.)
Female
470,492

Nationality

Noun
Comoran(s)
Adjective
Comoran

Tobacco Use

Male
24.8% (2025 est.)
Total
14.7% (2025 est.)
Female
4.7% (2025 est.)

Urbanization

Urban population
30.1% of total population (2023)
Rate of urbanization
2.97% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)

Age Structure

0 14 years
32.6% (male 146,480/female 146,626)
15 64 years
62.8% (male 271,139/female 294,231)
65 years and over
4.6% (2024 est.) (male 18,139/female 23,526)
Ethnic groups
Antalote, Cafre, Makoa, Oimatsaha, Sakalava

Child Marriage

Men married BY age 18
6.9% (2022)
Women married BY age 15
4.9% (2022)
Women married BY age 18
20.7% (2022)

Dependency Ratios

Total dependency ratio
57.3 (2025 est.)
Youth dependency ratio
49.9 (2025 est.)
Potential support ratio
13.5 (2025 est.)
Elderly dependency ratio
7.4 (2025 est.)
Physician density
0.42 physicians/1,000 population (2022)

Health Expenditure

Health expenditure (as % of GDP)
6.3% of GDP (2021)
Health expenditure (as % of national budget)
4.7% of national budget (2022 est.)
Net migration rate
-2.17 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2025 est.)
Total fertility rate
2.52 children born/woman (2025 est.)

Drinking Water Source

Improved: rural
rural: 88.5% of population
Improved: total
total: 91% of population
Improved: urban
urban: 97.4% of population
Unimproved: rural
rural: 11.5% of population
Unimproved: total
total: 8.9% of population (2017 est.)
Unimproved: urban
urban: 2.6% of population

Education Expenditure

Education expenditure (% GDP)
2.3% of GDP (2023 est.)
Education expenditure (% national budget)
11.5% national budget (2025 est.)

Infant Mortality Rate

Male
64.9 deaths/1,000 live births
Total
53.9 deaths/1,000 live births (2025 est.)
Female
44.7 deaths/1,000 live births
Population growth rate
1.26% (2025 est.)
Gross reproduction rate
1.24 (2025 est.)
Population distribution
the capital city of Maroni, on the western side of the island of Grande Comore, is the country's largest city; however, Anjouan is the most densely populated of the three islands that comprise Comoros, as shown in this population distribution map

Life Expectancy at Birth

Male
65.5 years
Female
70.2 years
Total population
67.8 years (2024 est.)
Maternal mortality ratio
179 deaths/100,000 live births (2023 est.)

Alcohol Consumption Per Capita

Beer
0.04 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
Wine
0.07 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
Total
0.18 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
Spirits
0.07 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
Other alcohols
0 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
Major urban areas population
62,000 MORONI (capital) (2018)
Obesity adult prevalence rate
7.8% (2016)
Mother's mean age at first birth
23 years (2012 est.)
Currently married women (ages 15 49)
63.1% (2022 est.)
Children under the age of 5 years underweight
9.1% (2022 est.)

Government

Civica · structure

How power is organised

Head of StateAzali AssoumaniExecutive of ComoroscabinetAssembly of the UnionLower chamber · 33 seatsHead of GovernmentAzali Assoumani
ExecutiveLegislative
Flag
description: four equal horizontal bands of yellow (top), white, red, and blue, with a green isosceles triangle based on the left; a vertical white crescent moon is centered in the triangle, with four five-pointed white stars placed vertically in a line between the points of the crescent

meaning: the horizontal bands and the stars represent the four main islands of the archipelago -- Mwali, N'gazidja, Ndzuwani, and Mahore (Mayotte is a department of France, but claimed by Comoros)

Capital

Name
Moroni
Etymology
the name means "at the place of fire," referring to the capital's location below the active volcano Mt. Karthala
Time difference
UTC+3 (8 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)
Geographic coordinates
11 42 S, 43 14 E
Suffrage
18 years of age; universal

Citizenship

Citizenship BY birth
no
Citizenship BY descent only
at least one parent must be a citizen of the Comoros
Dual citizenship recognized
no
Residency requirement for naturalization
10 years

Constitution

History
previous 1996, 2001; newest adopted 30 July 2018
Amendment process
proposed by the president of the union or supported by at least one third of the Assembly of the Union membership; adoption requires approval by at least three-quarters majority of the total Assembly membership or approval in a referendum

Country Name

Former
Comorian State, Federal Islamic Republic of the Comoros
Etymology
name derives from the Arabic al qamar, meaning "the moon"
Local long form
Udzima wa Komori (Comorian)/Union des Comores (French)/Al Ittihad al Qumuri (Arabic)
Local short form
Komori (Comorian)/Les Comores (French)/Juzur al Qamar (Arabic)
Conventional long form
Union of the Comoros
Conventional short form
Comoros
Independence
6 July 1975 (from France)
Legal system
mixed legal system of Islamic religious law, the French civil code of 1975, and customary law
Government type
federal presidential republic

Judicial Branch

Highest court(s)
Supreme Court or Cour Supreme (consists of 7 judges)
Subordinate courts
Court of Appeals (in Moroni); Tribunal de première instance; island village (community) courts; religious courts
Judge selection and term of office
Supreme Court judges - selection and term of office NA

Executive Branch

Note
note: the president is both chief of state and head of government
Cabinet
Council of Ministers appointed by the president
Chief of state
President AZALI Assoumani (since 26 May 2016)
Election results

2024:
AZALI Assoumani reelected president in first round - AZALI Assoumani (CRC) 63%, SALIM ISSA Abdallah (PJ) 20.3%, DAOUDOU Abdallah Mohamed (Orange Party) 5.9%, Bourhane HAMIDOU (independent) 5.1%
Head of government
President AZALI Assoumani (since 26 May 2016)
Most recent election date
14 January 2024
Election/appointment process
president directly elected by absolute majority vote in 2 rounds, if needed, for a 5-year term
Expected date of next election
2029
National holiday
Independence Day, 6 July (1975)
National color(s)
green, white
Political parties
Convention for the Renewal of the Comoros or CRC
Juwa Party (Parti Juwa) or PJ
Orange Party (2020)

Legislative Branch

Note
note: opposition parties, which claimed there was "gross fraud" during the most recent election, boycotted the elections in 2020 and 2025
Term in office
5 years
Number of seats
33 (all directly elected)
Electoral system
plurality/majority
Legislature name
Assembly of the Union (Assemblée de l'Union)
Scope of elections
full renewal
Legislative structure
unicameral
Most recent election date
1/12/2025 to 2/16/2025
Expected date of next election
January 2030
Percentage of women in chamber
18.2%
Parties elected and seats per party
Convention for the Renewal of the Comoros (CRC) (31); Other (2)

National Anthem(s)

Title
"Udzima wa ya Masiwa" (The Union of the Great Islands)
History
adopted 1978
Lyrics/music
Said Hachim SIDI ABDEREMANE/Said Hachim SIDI ABDEREMANE and Kamildine ABDALLAH
National symbol(s)
four five-pointed stars and crescent moon
National coat of arms
the coat of arms is in the national colors of green and white; was adopted in 1978; the crescent and stars represent Islam, with the four stars also symbolizing the archipelago’s four main islands: Grande Comore, Mohéli, Anjouan, and Mayotte (the last of which is a French department claimed by Comoros); above and below the sun’s rays is the name of the nation written in French and Arabic; two olive branches, representing peace, are connected by a banner with the national motto in French, which translates as "Unity, Solidarity, Development"
Administrative divisions
3 islands; Anjouan (Ndzuwani), Grande Comore (N'gazidja), Moheli (Mwali)

Diplomatic Representation in the US

Fax
[1] (212) 750-1657
Chancery
Permanent Mission to the UN, 866 United Nations Plaza, Suite 495, New York, NY 10017
Telephone
[1] (212) 750-1637
Chief of mission
Ambassador Issimail CHANFI (since 23 December 2020); note - also Permanent Representative to the UN
Email address and website

comoros@un.int

https://www.un.int/comoros/

Diplomatic Representation from the US

Embassy
the US does not have an embassy in Comoros; the US Ambassador to Madagascar is accredited to Comoros
International organisations
ACP, AfDB, AMF, AOSIS, AU, CAEU (candidates), COMESA, FAO, FZ, G-77, IBRD, ICAO, ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, InOC, Interpol, IOC, IOM, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), LAS, MIGA, NAM, OIC, OIF, OPCW, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO (observer)
International law organization participation
has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; accepts ICCt jurisdiction

Legislature

COMOROS · LEGISLATURE

Assembly of the Union

33 seats · hover a seat for the party
ROSTRUMMAJORITY 18
Total seats
33
Majority line
18
Largest party
Convention for the Renewal of the Comoros (CRC)
Parties
3
All political parties3 parties · 33 seats · click to dim in hemicycle

Leaders

Current

  • Azali Assoumani

    • Head of StateSince 2016
    • Head of GovernmentSince 2016

Economy

Budget

Note
note: central government revenues and expenses (excluding grants/extrabudgetary units/social security funds) converted to US dollars at average official exchange rate for year indicated
Revenues
$212.551 million (2023 est.)
Expenditures
$230.338 million (2023 est.)

Exports

Civica canonical (reconciled)
$142.8M
Note
note: balance of payments - exports of goods and services in current dollars
Exports 2021
$128.331 million (2021 est.)
Exports 2022
$166.032 million (2022 est.)
Exports 2023
$148.455 million (2023 est.)

Imports

Civica canonical (reconciled)
$496.6M
Note
note: balance of payments - imports of goods and services in current dollars
Imports 2021
$415.965 million (2021 est.)
Imports 2022
$480.268 million (2022 est.)
Imports 2023
$504.036 million (2023 est.)
Industries
fishing, tourism, perfume distillation
Labor force
276,400 (2024 est.)

Public Debt

Civica canonical (reconciled)
27.7% of GDP (2016 est.)
Public debt 2016
27.7% of GDP (2016 est.)

Remittances

Note
note: personal transfers and compensation between resident and non-resident individuals/households/entities
Remittances 2021
22.2% of GDP (2021 est.)
Remittances 2022
22% of GDP (2022 est.)
Remittances 2023
21.4% of GDP (2023 est.)

Exchange Rates

Currency
Comoran francs (KMF) per US dollar -
Exchange rates 2020
430.721 (2020 est.)
Exchange rates 2021
415.956 (2021 est.)
Exchange rates 2022
467.184 (2022 est.)
Exchange rates 2023
454.991 (2023 est.)
Exchange rates 2024
454.524 (2024 est.)

Debt External

Note
note: present value of external debt in current US dollars
Debt external 2023
$267.652 million (2023 est.)
Economic overview
small trade-based island economy; declining remittances; new structural and fiscal reforms; adverse cyclone and COVID-19 impacts; manageable debts; fragile liquidity environment; large foreign direct investment; state-owned enterprises suffering

Unemployment Rate

Civica canonical (reconciled)
3.8%
Note
note: % of labor force seeking employment
Unemployment rate 2022
3.9% (2022 est.)
Unemployment rate 2023
3.8% (2023 est.)
Unemployment rate 2024
3.9% (2024 est.)
Exports partners
Indonesia 25%, India 23%, Turkey 16%, UAE 11%, USA 3% (2023)
Imports partners
China 24%, UAE 21%, Tanzania 12%, France 7%, India 6% (2023)

Real GDP Per Capita

Civica canonical (reconciled)
$3,959
Note
note: data in 2021 dollars
Real GDP per capita 2022
$3,500 (2022 est.)
Real GDP per capita 2023
$3,500 (2023 est.)
Real GDP per capita 2024
$3,600 (2024 est.)

Real GDP Growth Rate

Civica canonical (reconciled)
3.3%
Note
note: annual GDP % growth based on constant local currency
Real GDP growth rate 2022
2.8% (2022 est.)
Real GDP growth rate 2023
3.1% (2023 est.)
Real GDP growth rate 2024
3.4% (2024 est.)
Agricultural products
bananas, coconuts, cassava, yams, maize, taro, milk, tomatoes, sweet potatoes, pulses (2023)
Exports commodities
cloves, ships, essential oils, vanilla, scrap iron (2023)
Imports commodities
refined petroleum, poultry, rice, flavored water, additive manufacturing machines (2023)

Current Account Balance

Civica canonical (reconciled)
-$24.6M
Note
note: balance of payments - net trade and primary/secondary income in current dollars
Current account balance 2021
-$4.076 million (2021 est.)
Current account balance 2022
-$5.248 million (2022 est.)
Current account balance 2023
-$24.621 million (2023 est.)
GDP (official exchange rate)
$1.546 billion (2024 est.)

GDP Composition, BY End Use

Note
note: figures may not total 100% due to rounding or gaps in data collection
Household consumption
103.6% (2024 est.)
Government consumption
9.2% (2024 est.)
Investment in inventories
0% (2024 est.)
Investment in fixed capital
11.7% (2024 est.)
Exports of goods and services
9.9% (2024 est.)
Imports of goods and services
-34.5% (2024 est.)
Population below poverty line
44.8% (2020 est.)

Inflation Rate (Consumer Prices)

Civica canonical (reconciled)
5.1%
Note
note: annual % change based on consumer prices
Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2016
1.8% (2016 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2017
1% (2017 est.)
Industrial production growth rate
3.8% (2024 est.)

Real GDP (Purchasing Power Parity)

Civica canonical (reconciled)
$3.092 billion (2024 est.)
Note
note: data in 2021 dollars
Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2022
$2.901 billion (2022 est.)
Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2023
$2.99 billion (2023 est.)
Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2024
$3.092 billion (2024 est.)

Youth Unemployment Rate (Ages 15 24)

Male
8.3% (2024 est.)
Note
note: % of labor force ages 15-24 seeking employment
Total
8.9% (2024 est.)
Female
9.6% (2024 est.)

Reserves of Foreign Exchange and Gold

Note
note: holdings of gold (year-end prices)/foreign exchange/special drawing rights in current dollars
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2022
$283.746 million (2022 est.)
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2023
$324.561 million (2023 est.)
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2024
$323.946 million (2024 est.)

GDP Composition, BY Sector of Origin

Note
note: figures may not total 100% due to non-allocated consumption not captured in sector-reported data
Industry
9.6% (2024 est.)
Services
50.1% (2024 est.)
Agriculture
36.6% (2024 est.)

Energy

Coal

Imports
2,000 metric tons (2023 est.)

Petroleum

Refined petroleum consumption
3,000 bbl/day (2023 est.)

Electricity

Consumption
113.052 million kWh (2023 est.)
Installed generating capacity
32,000 kW (2023 est.)
Transmission/distribution losses
22.1 million kWh (2023 est.)

Electricity Access

Electrification rural areas
82.9%
Electrification urban areas
100%
Electrification total population
89.9% (2022 est.)

Energy Consumption Per Capita

Total energy consumption per capita 2023
7.139 million Btu/person (2023 est.)

Electricity Generation Sources

Fossil fuels
100% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)

Communications

Internet Users

Percent of population
36% (2023 est.)
Broadcast media
national state-owned TV station and a TV station run by Anjouan regional government; national state-owned radio; regional governments on the islands of Grande Comore and Anjouan each operate a radio station; a few independent and small community radio stations operate on the islands of Grande Comore and Moheli, and these two islands have access to Mayotte Radio and French TV
Internet country code
.km

Telephones Fixed Lines

Total subscriptions
8,200 (2023 est.)
Subscriptions per 100 inhabitants
1 (2023 est.) less than 1

Telephones Mobile Cellular

Total subscriptions
934,000 (2023 est.)
Subscriptions per 100 inhabitants
110 (2023 est.)

Broadband Fixed Subscriptions

Total
3,000 (2023 est.)
Subscriptions per 100 inhabitants
(2023 est.) less than 1

Transport

Ports

Large
0
Small
0
Medium
0
Key ports
Dzaoudzi, Fomboni, Moroni, Moutsamoudu
Very small
4
Total ports
4 (2024)
Ports with oil terminals
3
Airports
3 (2025)

Merchant Marine

Total
273 (2023)
BY type
bulk carrier 17, container ship 7, general cargo 125, oil tanker 36, other 88
Civil aircraft registration country code prefix
D6

Environment

Climate
tropical marine; rainy season (November to May)

Land Use

Other
10.7% (2023 est.)
Forest
17.8% (2023 est.)
Agricultural land
71.5% (2023 est.)
Agricultural land: arable land
arable land: 34.9% (2023 est.)
Agricultural land: permanent crops
permanent crops: 28.5% (2023 est.)
Agricultural land: permanent pasture
permanent pasture: 8.1% (2023 est.)

Urbanization

Urban population
30.1% of total population (2023)
Rate of urbanization
2.97% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)

Waste and Recycling

Municipal solid waste generated annually
91,000 tons (2024 est.)
Percent of municipal solid waste recycled
10.1% (2022 est.)
Environmental issues
deforestation; soil degradation and erosion from forest loss and crop cultivation on slopes without proper terracing; silting of coral reefs

Total Water Withdrawal

Municipal
4.8 million cubic meters (2022 est.)
Industrial
500,000 cubic meters (2022 est.)
Agricultural
4.7 million cubic meters (2022 est.)

Carbon Dioxide Emissions

Total emissions
436,000 metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)
From petroleum and other liquids
436,000 metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)
Particulate matter emissions
14.5 micrograms per cubic meter (2019 est.)
Total renewable water resources
1.2 billion cubic meters (2022 est.)

International Environmental Agreements

Party to
Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands
Signed, but not ratified
none of the selected agreements

Military & Security

Military note
the focus for the security forces is search and rescue operations and maintaining internal security; a defense treaty with France provides naval resources for the protection of territorial waters, training of Comoran military personnel, and air surveillance; France maintains a small maritime base and a Foreign Legion contingent on neighboring Mayotte (2024)
Military and security forces
National Army for Development (l'Armee Nationale de Developpement, AND): Comoran Defense Force (Force Comorienne de Defense or FCD; includes Comoran National Gendarmerie); Ministry of Interior: Coast Guard, Federal Police, National Directorate of Territorial Safety (customs and immigration) (2024)
Military service age and obligation
18-25 years of age for voluntary military service for men and women; no conscription (2023)
Military equipment inventories and acquisitions
the AND is lightly armed and equipped with small arms, a few light aircraft, and utility vehicles (2024)
Military and security service personnel strengths
estimated 600 Defense Force; estimated 500 Federal Police (2023)

Transnational Issues

Refugees and Internally Displaced Persons

Idps
38 (2024 est.)
Refugees
18 (2024 est.)

Scores & Rankings

ScoreValueGlobal rankTrendAs of
Civica Index25.0 / 100as of 2024-Q4148 / 1902024-Q4
V-Dem Liberal Democracy0.11as of 2024-Q4135 / 1702024-Q4
Freedom House StatusNot Free (42/100)as of 2024-Q42024-Q4
Press Freedom (RSF)Partly free (50/100)as of 20242024

Cite this page

Cite this pageAPA · BibTeX · Chicago · JSON
Civica. (2026). Civica Atlas — Comoros — vintage 2026-Q1: Comoros factbook. Civica Atlas. Retrieved May 7, 2026, from https://civicaatlas.org/factbook/comoros
Sources: FAO FAOSTAT, ILO ILOSTAT, IMF (WEO), UN Statistics Division, UNDP HDR, UNESCO Institute for Statistics, V-Dem, WHO Global Health Observatory, World Bank, WTO Stats, CIA World Factbook, Wikidata