Finland

Parliamentary RepublicPop5.7MGDP (PPP)$313.6BCI89Beta CP0.0→Beta

Some figures reconciled across multiple sources via Civica's methodology (v0.2 BETA). Methodology →

Finland

⌘K

Overview

Background: Finland was a province and then a grand duchy under Sweden from the 12th to the 19th centuries and an autonomous grand duchy of Russia after 1809. It gained complete independence in 1917. During World War II, Finland successfully defended its independence through cooperation with Germany and resisted subsequent invasions by the Soviet Union, albeit with some loss of territory. During the next half-century, Finland transformed from a farm/forest economy to a diversified modern industrial economy; per-capita income is among the highest in Western Europe. A member of the EU since 1995, Finland was the only Nordic state to join the euro single currency at its initiation in January 1999. In the 21st century, the key features of Finland's modern welfare state are high-quality education, promotion of equality, and a national social welfare system, although the system is currently facing the challenges of an aging population and the fluctuations of an export-driven economy. Following Russia's invasion of Ukraine in 2022, Finland opted to join NATO; it became the organization's 31st member in April 2023.

Geography

Area

Land: 303,815 sq km
Water: 34,330 sq km
Total: 338,145 sq km

Climate: cold temperate; potentially subarctic but comparatively mild because of moderating influence of the North Atlantic Current, Baltic Sea, and more than 60,000 lakes
Terrain: mostly low, flat to rolling plains interspersed with lakes and low hills

Land Use

Other: 18.4% (2023 est.)
Forest: 74.2% (2023 est.)
Agricultural land: 7.4% (2023 est.)
Agricultural land: arable land: arable land: 7.4% (2023 est.)
Agricultural land: permanent crops: permanent crops: 0% (2023 est.)
Agricultural land: permanent pasture: permanent pasture: 0% (2023 est.)

Location: Northern Europe, bordering the Baltic Sea, Gulf of Bothnia, and Gulf of Finland, between Sweden and Russia
Coastline: 1,250 km

Elevation

Lowest point: Baltic Sea 0 m
Highest point: Halti (alternatively Haltia, Haltitunturi, Haltiatunturi) 1,328 m
Mean elevation: 164 m

Irrigated land: 80 sq km (2016)
Map references: Europe

Land Boundaries

Total: 2,563 km
Border countries: Norway 709 km; Sweden 545 km; Russia 1,309 km

Maritime Claims

Contiguous zone: 24 nm
Territorial sea: 12 nm (in the Gulf of Finland - 3 nm)
Continental shelf: 200 m depth or to the depth of exploitation
Exclusive fishing zone: 12 nm; extends to continental shelf boundary with Sweden, Estonia, and Russia

Natural hazards: severe winters in the north
Geography note: long boundary with Russia; Helsinki is northernmost national capital on European continent; population concentrated on small southwestern coastal plain
Natural resources: timber, iron ore, copper, lead, zinc, chromite, nickel, gold, silver, limestone
Area comparative: slightly more than two times the size of Georgia; slightly smaller than Montana
Geographic coordinates: 64 00 N, 26 00 E
Population distribution: the vast majority of people are found in the south; the northern interior areas remain sparsely populated

Major Lakes (Area Sq Km)

Fresh water lake(s): Saimaa - 1,760 sq km; Paijanne - 1,090 sq km; Inarijarvi - 1,000 sq km; Oulujarvi - 900 sq km; Pielinen - 850 sq km

People & Society

Languages

Languages: Finnish (official) 85.9%, Swedish (official) 5.2%, Russian 1.7%, other 7.2% (2022 est.)
Major language sample(s): World Factbook, korvaamaton perustietolähde. (Finnish)

The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information.

Religions: Lutheran 66.6%, Greek Orthodox 1.1%, other 1.7%, none 30.6% (2022 est.)

Sex Ratio

At birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
0 14 years: 1.05 male(s)/female
15 64 years: 1.03 male(s)/female
Total population: 0.97 male(s)/female (2024 est.)
65 years and over: 0.79 male(s)/female

Birth rate: 7.75 births/1,000 population (2025 est.)
Death rate: 11.01 deaths/1,000 population (2025 est.)

Median Age

Male: 41.8 years
Total: 44 years (2025 est.)
Female: 44.9 years

Population

Male: 2,750,057
Total: 5,550,449 (2025 est.)
Female: 2,800,392

Nationality

Noun: Finn(s)
Adjective: Finnish

Tobacco Use

Male: 21.7% (2025 est.)
Total: 18% (2025 est.)
Female: 14.3% (2025 est.)

Urbanization

Urban population: 85.8% of total population (2023)
Rate of urbanization: 0.42% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)

Age Structure

0 14 years: 16.2% (male 464,939/female 444,585)
15 64 years: 60.3% (male 1,725,072/female 1,668,604)
65 years and over: 23.5% (2024 est.) (male 583,645/female 739,569)

Ethnic groups: Finnish, Swedish, Russian, Estonian, Romani, Sami

Child Marriage

Women married BY age 18: 0.1% (2017)

Dependency Ratios

Total dependency ratio: 62.3 (2025 est.)
Youth dependency ratio: 23.3 (2025 est.)
Potential support ratio: 2.6 (2025 est.)
Elderly dependency ratio: 39 (2025 est.)

Physician density: 3.61 physicians/1,000 population (2021)

Health Expenditure

Health expenditure (as % of GDP): 10.2% of GDP (2021)
Health expenditure (as % of national budget): 14.8% of national budget (2022 est.)

Net migration rate: 3.44 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2025 est.)
Hospital bed density: 2.8 beds/1,000 population (2020 est.)
Total fertility rate: 1.28 children born/woman (2025 est.)

Drinking Water Source

Improved: rural: rural: 100% of population (2022 est.)
Improved: total: total: 100% of population (2022 est.)
Improved: urban: urban: 100% of population (2022 est.)
Unimproved: rural: rural: 0% of population (2022 est.)
Unimproved: total: total: 0% of population (2022 est.)
Unimproved: urban: urban: 0% of population (2022 est.)

Education Expenditure

Education expenditure (% GDP): 6.4% of GDP (2022 est.)
Education expenditure (% national budget): 12.1% national budget (2022 est.)

Infant Mortality Rate

Male: 2.3 deaths/1,000 live births
Total: 1.9 deaths/1,000 live births (2025 est.)
Female: 1.9 deaths/1,000 live births

Population growth rate: 0.02% (2025 est.)
Gross reproduction rate: 0.63 (2025 est.)
Population distribution: the vast majority of people are found in the south; the northern interior areas remain sparsely populated

Life Expectancy at Birth

Male: 79.3 years
Female: 85.2 years
Total population: 82.2 years (2024 est.)

Maternal mortality ratio: 8 deaths/100,000 live births (2023 est.)

Sanitation Facility Access

Improved: rural: rural: 100% of population (2022 est.)
Improved: total: total: 100% of population (2022 est.)
Improved: urban: urban: 100% of population (2022 est.)
Unimproved: rural: rural: 0% of population (2022 est.)
Unimproved: total: total: 0% of population (2022 est.)
Unimproved: urban: urban: 0% of population (2022 est.)

Alcohol Consumption Per Capita

Beer: 3.76 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
Wine: 1.59 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
Total: 8.23 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
Spirits: 1.96 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
Other alcohols: 0.91 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

Major urban areas population: 1.338 million HELSINKI (capital) (2023)
Obesity adult prevalence rate: 22.2% (2016)
Mother's mean age at first birth: 29.5 years (2020 est.)
Currently married women (ages 15 49): 57.1% (2023 est.)

School Life Expectancy (Primary to Tertiary Education)

Male: 18 years (2023 est.)
Total: 20 years (2023 est.)
Female: 21 years (2023 est.)

Government

Civica · structure

How power is organised

ExecutiveLegislative

Flag: description: white with a blue cross extending to the edges of the flag; the cross is shifted to the left in the style of the Dannebrog (Danish flag)

meaning: the blue stands for the country's thousands of lakes, and the white for snow

Capital

Name: Helsinki
Etymology: the modern name is a Finnish derivation; King Gustav VASA of Sweden founded the city in 1550 as Helsingfors; the name came from Helsing, the Old Norwegian name for a local people, and the word fors, or "waterfall," referring to a waterfall at the city's original location on the Vantaa River
Time difference: UTC+2 (7 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)
Daylight saving time: +1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October
Geographic coordinates: 60 10 N, 24 56 E

Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal

Citizenship

Citizenship BY birth: no
Citizenship BY descent only: at least one parent must be a citizen of Finland
Dual citizenship recognized: yes
Residency requirement for naturalization: 6 years

Constitution

History: previous 1906, 1919; latest drafted 17 June 1997, approved by Parliament 11 June 1999, entered into force 1 March 2000
Amendment process: proposed by Parliament; passage normally requires simple majority vote in two readings in the first parliamentary session and at least two-thirds majority vote in a single reading by the newly elected Parliament; proposals declared "urgent" by five-sixths of Parliament members can be passed by at least two-thirds majority vote in the first parliamentary session only

Country Name

Etymology: name derives from the Finns, an ethnic group in northeastern Europe; their name comes from the Germanic word finna, meaning "fish scale;" the local name, Suomi, may come from two local words: suo, meaning "marsh," and maa, meaning "land"
Local long form: Suomen tasavalta (Finnish)/ Republiken Finland (Swedish)
Local short form: Suomi (Finnish)/ Finland (Swedish)
Conventional long form: Republic of Finland
Conventional short form: Finland

Independence: 6 December 1917 (from Russia)
Legal system: civil law system based on the Swedish model
Government type: parliamentary republic

Judicial Branch

Note: note: Finland has a dual judicial system; courts with civil and criminal jurisdiction, and administrative courts with jurisdiction for litigation between individuals and administrative organs of the state and communities
Highest court(s): Supreme Court or Korkein Oikeus (consists of the court president and 18 judges); Supreme Administrative Court (consists of 21 judges, including the court president; organized into 3 chambers)
Subordinate courts: 6 Courts of Appeal; 8 regional administrative courts; 27 district courts; special courts for issues relating to markets, labor, insurance, impeachment, land, tenancy, and water rights
Judge selection and term of office: Supreme Court and Supreme Administrative Court judges appointed by the president of the republic; judges serve until mandatory retirement at age 68

Executive Branch

Cabinet: Council of State or Valtioneuvosto appointed by the president, responsible to Parliament
Chief of state: President Alexander STUBB (since 1 March 2024)
Election results: 2024: Alexander STUBB elected in the second round; percent of vote in the first round - Alexander STUBB (KoK) 27.2%, Pekka HAAVISTO (Vihr) 25.8%, Jussi HALLA-AHO (PS) 19.0%, Olli REHN (Kesk) 15.3%; percent of vote in second round - STUBB 51.6%, HAAVISTO 48.4%

2018: Sauli NIINISTO reelected president; percent of vote - Sauli NIINISTO (independent) 62.7%, Pekka HAAVISTO (Vihr) 12.4%, Laura HUHTASAARI (PS) 6.9%, Paavo VAYRYNEN (independent) 6.2%, Matti VANHANEN (Kesk) 4.1%, other 7.7%
Head of government: Prime Minister Petteri ORPO (since 20 June 2023)
Most recent election date: 28 January 2024, with a runoff on 11 February 2024
Election/appointment process: president directly elected by absolute-majority popular vote in 2 rounds, if needed, for a 6-year term (eligible for a second term); prime minister appointed by Parliament
Expected date of next election: by 28 January 2030

National holiday: Independence Day, 6 December (1917)
National color(s): blue, white

National Heritage

Total world heritage sites: 7 (6 cultural, 1 natural)
Selected world heritage site locales: Fortress of Suomenlinna (c); Old Rauma (c); Petäjävesi Old Church (c); Verla Groundwood and Board Mill (c); Bronze Age Burial Site of Sammallahdenmäki (c); High Coast / Kvarken Archipelago (n); Struve Geodetic Arc (c)

Political parties: Aland Coalition (a coalition of several political parties on the Aland Islands)
Center Party or Kesk
Christian Democrats or KD
Finns Party or PS
Green League or Vihr
Left Alliance or Vas
Movement Now or Liike Nyt
National Coalition Party or Kok
Social Democratic Party or SDP
Swedish People's Party or RKP or SFP

Legislative Branch

Term in office: 4 years
Number of seats: 200 (all directly elected)
Electoral system: proportional representation
Legislature name: Parliament (Eduskunta - Riksdagen)
Scope of elections: full renewal
Legislative structure: unicameral
Most recent election date: 4/2/2023
Expected date of next election: April 2027
Percentage of women in chamber: 45.5%
Parties elected and seats per party: National Coalition Party (KOK) (48); The Finns Party (PS) (46); Social Democratic Party (SDP) (43); Center Party (KESK) (23); The Greens (13); Left Alliance (Vas) (11); Other (16)

National Anthem(s)

Title: "Maamme" (Our Land)
History: in use since 1848; although never officially adopted, the anthem has been popular since a student group first sang it in 1848
Lyrics/music: Paavo Eemil KAJANDER, Johan Ludvig RUNEBERG/Fredrik PACIUS

National symbol(s): lion
Administrative divisions: 19 regions (maakunnat, singular - maakunta (Finnish); landskapen, singular - landskapet (Swedish)); Aland (Swedish), Ahvenanmaa (Finnish); Etela-Karjala (Finnish), Sodra Karelen (Swedish) [South Karelia]; Etela-Pohjanmaa (Finnish), Sodra Osterbotten (Swedish) [South Ostrobothnia]; Etela-Savo (Finnish), Sodra Savolax (Swedish) [South Savo]; Kanta-Hame (Finnish), Egentliga Tavastland (Swedish); Kainuu (Finnish), Kajanaland (Swedish); Keski-Pohjanmaa (Finnish), Mellersta Osterbotten (Swedish) [Central Ostrobothnia]; Keski-Suomi (Finnish), Mellersta Finland (Swedish) [Central Finland]; Kymenlaakso (Finnish), Kymmenedalen (Swedish); Lappi (Finnish), Lappland (Swedish); Paijat-Hame (Finnish), Paijanne-Tavastland (Swedish); Pirkanmaa (Finnish), Birkaland (Swedish) [Tampere]; Pohjanmaa (Finnish), Osterbotten (Swedish) [Ostrobothnia]; Pohjois-Karjala (Finnish), Norra Karelen (Swedish) [North Karelia]; Pohjois-Pohjanmaa (Finnish), Norra Osterbotten (Swedish) [North Ostrobothnia]; Pohjois-Savo (Finnish), Norra Savolax (Swedish) [North Savo]; Satakunta (Finnish and Swedish); Uusimaa (Finnish), Nyland (Swedish) [Newland]; Varsinais-Suomi (Finnish), Egentliga Finland (Swedish) [Southwest Finland]

Diplomatic Representation in the US

Fax: [1] (202) 298-6030
Chancery: 3301 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008
Telephone: [1] (202) 298-5800
Chief of mission: Ambassador Leena-Kaisa MIKKOLA (since 18 September 2024)
Consulate(s) general: Los Angeles, New York
Email address and website: sanomat.WAS@gov.fi

https://finlandabroad.fi/web/usa/mission

Diplomatic Representation from the US

Fax: [358] (9) 174-681
Embassy: Itainen Puistotie 14 B, 00140 Helsinki
Telephone: [358] (9) 616-250
Mailing address: 5310 Helsinki Place, Washington DC  20521-5310
Chief of mission: Ambassador Howard W. BRODIE (since 13 November 2025)
Email address and website: HelsinkiACS@state.gov

https://fi.usembassy.gov/

International organisations: ADB (nonregional member), AfDB (nonregional member), Arctic Council, Australia Group, BIS, CBSS, CD, CE, CERN, EAPC, EBRD, ECB, EIB, EITI (implementing country), EMU, ESA, EU, FAO, FATF, G-9, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, NATO, NC, NEA, NIB, NSG, OAS (observer), OECD, OPCW, OSCE, Pacific Alliance (observer), Paris Club, PCA, PFP, Schengen Convention, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNHRC, UNIDO, UNIFIL, UNMIL, UNMOGIP, UNOOSA, UNRWA, UNSOM, UNTSO, UPU, Wassenaar Arrangement, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC
International law organization participation: accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction with reservations; accepts ICCt jurisdiction

Legislature

FINLAND · LEGISLATURE

Parliament

200 seats · hover a seat for the party

Total seats

200

Majority line

101

Largest party

National Coalition Party

Parties

All political parties12 parties · 200 seats · click to dim in hemicycle

Leaders

Current

AS
Alexander Stubb
- Head of StateSince 2024
PO
Petteri Orpo
- Head of GovernmentSince 2023

Economy

Budget

Note: note: central government revenues (excluding grants) and expenditures converted to US dollars at average official exchange rate for year indicated
Revenues: $126.337 billion (2023 est.)
Expenditures: $131.978 billion (2023 est.)

Exports

Civica canonical (reconciled): $125.2B

Note: note: balance of payments - exports of goods and services in current dollars
Exports 2022: $129.389 billion (2022 est.)
Exports 2023: $127.098 billion (2023 est.)
Exports 2024: $124.531 billion (2024 est.)

Imports

Civica canonical (reconciled): $124.1B

Note: note: balance of payments - imports of goods and services in current dollars
Imports 2022: $135.119 billion (2022 est.)
Imports 2023: $126.175 billion (2023 est.)
Imports 2024: $122.644 billion (2024 est.)

Industries: metals and metal products, electronics, machinery and scientific instruments, shipbuilding, pulp and paper, foodstuffs, chemicals, textiles, clothing
Labor force: 2.898 million (2024 est.)

Public Debt

Civica canonical (reconciled): 88.5%

Note: note: data cover general government debt and include debt instruments issued (or owned) by government entities other than the treasury; the data include treasury debt held by foreign entities; the data include debt issued by subnational entities, as well as intragovernmental debt; intragovernmental debt consists of treasury borrowings from surpluses in the social funds, such as for retirement, medical care, and unemployment; debt instruments for the social funds are not sold at public auctions
Public debt 2017: 61.3% of GDP (2017 est.)

Remittances

Note: note: personal transfers and compensation between resident and non-resident individuals/households/entities
Remittances 2022: 0.2% of GDP (2022 est.)
Remittances 2023: 0.3% of GDP (2023 est.)
Remittances 2024: 0.2% of GDP (2024 est.)

Exchange Rates

Currency: euros (EUR) per US dollar -
Exchange rates 2020: 0.876 (2020 est.)
Exchange rates 2021: 0.845 (2021 est.)
Exchange rates 2022: 0.95 (2022 est.)
Exchange rates 2023: 0.925 (2023 est.)
Exchange rates 2024: 0.924 (2024 est.)

Economic overview: high-income, export-based EU and eurozone economy; major timber, metals, engineering, telecom, and electronics industries; emerging from recession triggered by inflation, weak consumer and export demand, and lower private investment; labor market reform plan to address structural rigidities

Unemployment Rate

Civica canonical (reconciled): 9.5%

Note: note: % of labor force seeking employment
Unemployment rate 2022: 6.8% (2022 est.)
Unemployment rate 2023: 7.2% (2023 est.)
Unemployment rate 2024: 8.3% (2024 est.)

Exports partners: USA 11%, Germany 11%, Sweden 10%, Netherlands 7%, China 5% (2023)
Imports partners: Germany 14%, Sweden 12%, China 9%, Norway 8%, Netherlands 5% (2023)

Real GDP Per Capita

Civica canonical (reconciled): $65,378

Note: note: data in 2021 dollars
Real GDP per capita 2022: $57,100 (2022 est.)
Real GDP per capita 2023: $56,200 (2023 est.)
Real GDP per capita 2024: $55,600 (2024 est.)

Real GDP Growth Rate

Civica canonical (reconciled): 0.2%

Note: note: annual GDP % growth based on constant local currency
Real GDP growth rate 2022: 0.8% (2022 est.)
Real GDP growth rate 2023: -0.9% (2023 est.)
Real GDP growth rate 2024: -0.2% (2024 est.)

Agricultural products: milk, barley, oats, wheat, potatoes, sugar beets, pork, chicken, peas, rye (2023)
Exports commodities: paper, refined petroleum, steel, wood pulp, ships (2023)
Imports commodities: crude petroleum, cars, refined petroleum, packaged medicine, broadcasting equipment (2023)

Current Account Balance

Civica canonical (reconciled): -$2.0B

Note: note: balance of payments - net trade and primary/secondary income in current dollars
Current account balance 2022: -$7.026 billion (2022 est.)
Current account balance 2023: -$1.58 billion (2023 est.)
Current account balance 2024: $930.393 million (2024 est.)

Taxes and other revenues: 25.4% (of GDP) (2023 est.)
GDP (official exchange rate): $299.836 billion (2024 est.)

GDP Composition, BY End Use

Note: note: figures may not total 100% due to rounding or gaps in data collection
Household consumption: 53.4% (2023 est.)
Government consumption: 25.6% (2023 est.)
Investment in inventories: -0.4% (2023 est.)
Investment in fixed capital: 23.4% (2023 est.)
Exports of goods and services: 43.1% (2023 est.)
Imports of goods and services: -42.8% (2023 est.)

Population below poverty line: 12.2% (2022 est.)

Average Household Expenditures

On food: 12.3% of household expenditures (2023 est.)
On alcohol and tobacco: 4.4% of household expenditures (2023 est.)

Inflation Rate (Consumer Prices)

Civica canonical (reconciled): 1.8%

Note: note: annual % change based on consumer prices
Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2022: 7.1% (2022 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2023: 6.3% (2023 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2024: 1.6% (2024 est.)

Industrial production growth rate: -2.2% (2024 est.)

Real GDP (Purchasing Power Parity)

Civica canonical (reconciled): $313.591 billion (2024 est.)

Note: note: data in 2021 dollars
Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2022: $317.078 billion (2022 est.)
Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2023: $314.075 billion (2023 est.)
Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2024: $313.591 billion (2024 est.)

Youth Unemployment Rate (Ages 15 24)

Male: 20% (2024 est.)
Note: note: % of labor force ages 15-24 seeking employment
Total: 19.2% (2024 est.)
Female: 18.3% (2024 est.)

Reserves of Foreign Exchange and Gold

Note: note: holdings of gold (year-end prices)/foreign exchange/special drawing rights in current dollars
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2022: $16.036 billion (2022 est.)
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2023: $16.929 billion (2023 est.)
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2024: $17.993 billion (2024 est.)

GDP Composition, BY Sector of Origin

Note: note: figures may not total 100% due to non-allocated consumption not captured in sector-reported data
Industry: 22.1% (2024 est.)
Services: 62.9% (2024 est.)
Agriculture: 2.5% (2024 est.)

Note: note: % share of income accruing to lowest and highest 10% of population
Lowest 10%: 3.8% (2022 est.)
Highest 10%: 23.1% (2022 est.)

Gini Index Coefficient Distribution of Family Income

Note: note: index (0-100) of income distribution; higher values represent greater inequality
Gini index coefficient distribution of family income 2022: 27.9 (2022 est.)

Energy

Coal

Exports: 113,000 metric tons (2023 est.)
Imports: 2.624 million metric tons (2023 est.)
Production: 811,000 metric tons (2023 est.)
Consumption: 3.933 million metric tons (2023 est.)

Petroleum

Total petroleum production: 8,000 bbl/day (2023 est.)
Refined petroleum consumption: 172,000 bbl/day (2024 est.)

Electricity

Exports: 7.883 billion kWh (2023 est.)
Imports: 9.644 billion kWh (2023 est.)
Consumption: 77.419 billion kWh (2023 est.)
Installed generating capacity: 26.782 million kW (2023 est.)
Transmission/distribution losses: 2.721 billion kWh (2023 est.)

Natural Gas

Exports: 479.457 million cubic meters (2023 est.)
Imports: 2.112 billion cubic meters (2023 est.)
Consumption: 1.55 billion cubic meters (2023 est.)

Nuclear Energy

Number of operational nuclear reactors: 5 (2025)
Percent of total electricity production: 42% (2025 est.)
Net capacity of operational nuclear reactors: 4.37GW (2025 est.)

Electricity Access

Electrification total population: 100% (2022 est.)

Energy Consumption Per Capita

Total energy consumption per capita 2023: 183.54 million Btu/person (2023 est.)

Electricity Generation Sources

Wind: 18.7% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
Solar: 0.8% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
Nuclear: 41.8% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
Fossil fuels: 5.6% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
Hydroelectricity: 19.4% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
Biomass and waste: 13.7% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)

Communications

Internet Users

Percent of population: 94% (2023 est.)

Broadcast media: 3 publicly operated TV stations and numerous privately owned TV stations; several free and special-interest pay-TV channels; cable and satellite multi-channel subscription services are available; all TV signals are digital; 13 national and 25 regional public radio stations; a large number of private radio broadcasters 
Internet country code: .fi

Telephones Fixed Lines

Total subscriptions: 158,000 (2024 est.)
Subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 3 (2024 est.)

Telephones Mobile Cellular

Total subscriptions: 7.07 million (2024 est.)
Subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 126 (2024 est.)

Broadband Fixed Subscriptions

Total: 1.98 million (2023 est.)
Subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 35 (2023 est.)

Transport

Ports

Large: 5
Small: 11
Medium: 7
Key ports: Helsinki, Kaskinen, Kokkola, Kotka, Kristinestad, Mantyluoto, Oulu, Pietarsaari, Pori, Rauma, Turku, Vaasa
Very small: 14
Total ports: 37 (2024)
Ports with oil terminals: 21

Airports: 98 (2025)

Railways

Total: 5,918 km (2020) 3,349 km electrified

Heliports: 17 (2025)

Merchant Marine

Total: 282 (2023)
BY type: bulk carrier 9, general cargo 75, oil tanker 4, other 194

Civil aircraft registration country code prefix: OH

Environment

Climate: cold temperate; potentially subarctic but comparatively mild because of moderating influence of the North Atlantic Current, Baltic Sea, and more than 60,000 lakes

Geoparks

Global geoparks and regional networks: Impact Crater Lake - Lappajarvi; Rokua; Lauhanvuori-Haemeenkangas; Saimaa; Salpausselka (2024)
Total global geoparks and regional networks: 4 (2024)

Land Use

Other: 18.4% (2023 est.)
Forest: 74.2% (2023 est.)
Agricultural land: 7.4% (2023 est.)
Agricultural land: arable land: arable land: 7.4% (2023 est.)
Agricultural land: permanent crops: permanent crops: 0% (2023 est.)
Agricultural land: permanent pasture: permanent pasture: 0% (2023 est.)

Urbanization

Urban population: 85.8% of total population (2023)
Rate of urbanization: 0.42% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)

Waste and Recycling

Municipal solid waste generated annually: 3.124 million tons (2024 est.)
Percent of municipal solid waste recycled: 35.4% (2022 est.)

Environmental issues: limited air pollution in urban centers; some water pollution from industrial wastes, agricultural chemicals; habitat loss threatens wildlife populations

Total Water Withdrawal

Municipal: 500 million cubic meters (2022 est.)
Industrial: 1.299 billion cubic meters (2022 est.)
Agricultural: 1 billion cubic meters (2022 est.)

Carbon Dioxide Emissions

Total emissions: 33.594 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)
From consumed natural gas: 2.989 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)
From coal and metallurgical coke: 7.536 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)
From petroleum and other liquids: 23.069 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)

Particulate matter emissions: 6 micrograms per cubic meter (2019 est.)
Total renewable water resources: 110 billion cubic meters (2022 est.)

International Environmental Agreements

Party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Heavy Metals, Air Pollution-Multi-effect Protocol, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulphur 85, Air Pollution-Sulphur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Antarctic-Environmental Protection, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping-London Convention, Marine Dumping-London Protocol, Marine Life Conservation, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 2006, Wetlands, Whaling
Signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Military & Security

Military note: the Finnish Defense Forces (FDF) are focused primarily on territorial defense, which is based on having a large, trained reserve force created by general conscription; other FDF responsibilities include support to international peacekeeping operations and some domestic security duties, such as assisting the National Police in maintaining law and order in crises

the FDF is also focused on fulfilling its commitment to NATO; following Russia’s full-scale invasion of Ukraine in 2022, Finland applied for NATO membership, gaining entry in April 2023; Finland had been part of NATO’s Partnership for Peace program since 1994 and participated in NATO-led military missions in the Balkans, Afghanistan, and Iraq; in 2024, it joined NATO's Air Policing mission in Eastern Europe

Finland is a signatory of the EU’s Common Security and Defense Policy and actively participates in EU crisis management missions and operations; the FDF also cooperates closely with the militaries of other Nordic countries through the Nordic Defense Cooperation structure (NORDEFCO; established 2009), which consists of Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, and Sweden and involves cooperation in such areas as armaments, education, human resources, training and exercises, and operations; Sweden, the UK, and the US are close bi-lateral defense partners; in 2022, Finland signed a mutual security agreement with the UK, and since 2014 has been part of the UK-led Joint Expeditionary Force, a pool of high-readiness military forces from 10 Baltic and Scandinavian countries designed to respond to a wide range of contingencies in the North Atlantic, Baltic Sea, and High North regions (2025)
Military deployments: 165 Lebanon (UNIFIL); Finland also contributes to several ongoing EU and NATO missions (2025)

Military Expenditures

Civica canonical (reconciled): 2.8% of GDP (2025 est.)

Military expenditures 2021: 1.4% of GDP (2021 est.)
Military expenditures 2022: 1.7% of GDP (2022 est.)
Military expenditures 2023: 2.1% of GDP (2023 est.)
Military expenditures 2024: 2.4% of GDP (2024 est.)
Military expenditures 2025: 2.8% of GDP (2025 est.)

Military and security forces: Finnish Defense Forces (FDF; Puolustusvoimat): Army (Maavoimat), Navy (Merivoimat), Air Force (Ilmavoimat) (2025)
Military service age and obligation: all Finnish men are obligated to serve 5.5-12 months of service within a branch of the military or the Border Guard upon reaching the age of 18 (length of service depends on the type of duty); women 18-29 may volunteer for service; there is also an option to perform non-military service which lasts for 8.5 or 11.5 months; after completing their initial conscript obligation, individuals enter the reserves and remain eligible for mobilization until the age of 50 for rank-and-file and 60 for non-commissioned and commissioned officers (2025)
Military equipment inventories and acquisitions: the military's inventory consists of a mix of modern European, Israeli, South Korean, US, and domestically produced weapons systems; the Finnish defense industry produces a variety of military equipment, including wheeled armored vehicles and naval vessels; Finland also cooperates with other European countries and the US in the joint production of armaments (2025)
Military and security service personnel strengths: approximately 31,000 active-duty military personnel (2025)

Terrorism

Terrorist group(s): Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham (ISIS)

Transnational Issues

Refugees and Internally Displaced Persons

Refugees: 97,568 (2024 est.)
Stateless persons: 1,326 (2024 est.)

Scores & Rankings

ScoreValueGlobal rankTrendAs of

Civica Index89.0 / 100as of 2024-Q42 / 190−1.02024-Q4

V-Dem Liberal Democracy0.80as of 2024-Q412 / 170−0.062024-Q4

Freedom House StatusFree (100/100)as of 2024-Q4—−1.02024-Q4

Press Freedom (RSF)Free press (87/100)as of 2024—2024

Human Development Index0.942as of 2022—2022

Corruption Perceptions Index87 / 100as of 20232 / 1802023

Cite this page

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Civica. (2026). Civica Atlas — Finland — vintage 2026-Q1: Finland factbook. Civica Atlas. Retrieved May 7, 2026, from https://civicaatlas.org/factbook/finland

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Sources: Eurostat, FAO FAOSTAT, ILO ILOSTAT, IMF (WEO), OECD.Stat, UN Statistics Division, UNDP HDR, UNESCO Institute for Statistics, V-Dem, WHO Global Health Observatory, World Bank, WTO Stats, CIA World Factbook, Wikidata

Finland

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Alexander Stubb

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