Libya

In TransitionPop7.4MGDP (PPP)$90.6BCI12Beta CP−1.5↓Beta

Some figures reconciled across multiple sources via Civica's methodology (v0.2 BETA). Methodology →

Libya

⌘K

Overview

Background: Berbers have inhabited central north Africa since ancient times, but Phoenicians, Greeks, Carthaginians, Persians, Egyptians, Romans, and Vandals have all settled and ruled the region. In the 7th century, Islam spread through the area. In the mid-16th century, Ottoman rule began; the Italians supplanted the Ottoman Turks in the area around Tripoli in 1911 and held it until 1943, when they were defeated in World War II. Libya then came under UN administration and achieved independence in 1951. Col. Muammar al-QADHAFI assumed leadership with a military coup in 1969 and began to espouse a political system that combined socialism and Islam. During the 1970s, QADHAFI used oil revenues to promote his ideology outside Libya, supporting subversive and terrorist activities that included the downing of two airliners -- one over Scotland and another in Northern Africa -- and a discotheque bombing in Berlin. UN sanctions in 1992 isolated QADHAFI politically and economically; the sanctions were lifted in 2003 when Libya accepted responsibility for the bombings and agreed to claimant compensation. QADHAFI also agreed to end Libya's program to develop weapons of mass destruction, and he made significant strides in normalizing relations with Western nations.
Unrest that began in several Middle Eastern and North African countries in 2010 erupted in Libyan cities in 2011. QADHAFI's brutal crackdown on protesters spawned an eight-month civil war that saw the emergence of a National Transitional Council (NTC), UN authorization of air and naval intervention by the international community, and the toppling of the QADHAFI regime. In 2012, the NTC handed power to an elected parliament, the General National Congress (GNC), which was replaced two years later with the House of Representatives (HoR). In 2015, the UN brokered the Libyan Political Agreement (LPA) among a broad array of political parties and social groups, establishing an interim executive body. However, hardliners continued to oppose and hamper the LPA implementation, leaving Libya with eastern and western-based rival governments. In 2018, the international community supported a recalibrated plan that aimed to break the political deadlock with a National Conference in 2019. These plans, however, were derailed when the eastern-based, self-described Libyan National Army (LNA) launched an offensive to seize Tripoli. The LNA offensive collapsed in 2020, and a subsequent UN-sponsored cease-fire helped formalize the pause in fighting between rival camps.

In 2021, the UN-facilitated Libyan Political Dialogue Forum selected a new prime minister for an interim government -- the Government of National Unity (GNU) -- and a new presidential council charged with preparing for elections and uniting the country’s state institutions. The HoR approved the GNU and its cabinet the same year, providing Libya with its first unified government since 2014, but the parliament then postponed the planned presidential election to an undetermined date in the future. In 2022, the HoR voted to replace GNU interim Prime Minister, Abdul Hamid DUBAYBAH, with another government led by Fathi BASHAGHA. GNU allegations of an illegitimate HoR vote allowed DUBAYBAH to remain in office and rebuff BASHAGHA's attempts to seat his government in Tripoli. In 2023, the HoR voted to replace BASHAGHA with Osma HAMAD. Special Representative of the UN Security-General for Libya, Abdoulaye BATHILY, is leading international efforts to persuade key Libyan political actors to resolve the core issues impeding elections.

Geography

Area

Land: 1,759,540 sq km
Water: 0 sq km
Total: 1,759,540 sq km

Climate: Mediterranean along coast; dry, extreme desert interior
Terrain: mostly barren, flat to undulating plains, plateaus, depressions

Land Use

Other: 91.2% (2023 est.)
Forest: 0.1% (2023 est.)
Agricultural land: 8.7% (2023 est.)
Agricultural land: arable land: arable land: 1% (2023 est.)
Agricultural land: permanent crops: permanent crops: 0.2% (2023 est.)
Agricultural land: permanent pasture: permanent pasture: 7.6% (2023 est.)

Location: Northern Africa, bordering the Mediterranean Sea, between Egypt, Tunisia, and Algeria
Coastline: 1,770 km

Elevation

Lowest point: Sabkhat Ghuzayyil -47 m
Highest point: Bikku Bitti 2,267 m
Mean elevation: 423 m

Irrigated land: 4,700 sq km (2012)
Major aquifers: Nubian Aquifer System, North Western Sahara Aquifer System, Murzuk-Djado Basin
Map references: Africa

Land Boundaries

Total: 4,339 km
Border countries: Algeria 989 km; Chad 1,050 km; Egypt 1,115 km; Niger 342 km; Sudan 382 km; Tunisia 461 km

Maritime Claims

Note: note: Gulf of Sidra closing line - 32 degrees, 30 minutes north
Territorial sea: 12 nm
Exclusive fishing zone: 62 nm

Natural hazards: hot, dry, dust-laden ghibli is a southern wind lasting one to four days in spring and fall; dust storms, sandstorms
Geography note: note 1: more than 90% of the country is desert or semidesert

note 2: the volcano Waw an Namus lies in south central Libya in the middle of the Sahara; the caldera is an oasis -- the name means "oasis of mosquitoes" -- containing several small lakes that host many species of insects and birds
Natural resources: petroleum, natural gas, gypsum
Area comparative: about 2.5 times the size of Texas; slightly larger than Alaska
Geographic coordinates: 25 00 N, 17 00 E
Population distribution: over 90% of the population lives along the Mediterranean coast in and between Tripoli to the west and Al Bayda to the east; the interior remains vastly underpopulated due to the Sahara and its lack of surface water, as shown in this population distribution map

Major Watersheds (Area Sq Km)

Internal (endorheic basin) drainage: Lake Chad (2,497,738 sq km)

People & Society

Languages

Languages: Arabic (official), Italian, English (all widely understood in the major cities); Tamazight (Nafusi, Ghadamis, Suknah, Awjilah, Tamasheq)
Major language sample(s): كتاب حقائق العالم، المصدر الذي لا يمكن الاستغناء عنه للمعلومات الأساسية (Arabic)

The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information.

Religions: Muslim (official; virtually all Sunni) 96.6%, Christian 2.7%, Buddhist <1%, Hindu <1%, Jewish <1%, folk religion <1%, other <1%, unaffiliated <1% (2020 est.)

Sex Ratio

At birth: 1.05 male(s)/female
0 14 years: 1.04 male(s)/female
15 64 years: 1.05 male(s)/female
Total population: 1.04 male(s)/female (2024 est.)
65 years and over: 0.82 male(s)/female

Birth rate: 19.83 births/1,000 population (2025 est.)
Death rate: 3.48 deaths/1,000 population (2025 est.)

Median Age

Male: 26.3 years
Total: 26.4 years (2025 est.)
Female: 26.2 years

Population

Male: 3,747,364
Note: note: immigrants make up just over 12% of the total population, according to UN data (2019)
Total: 7,361,263 (2024 est.)
Female: 3,613,899

Nationality

Noun: Libyan(s)
Adjective: Libyan

Urbanization

Urban population: 81.6% of total population (2023)
Rate of urbanization: 1.45% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)

Age Structure

0 14 years: 32.3% (male 1,211,087/female 1,165,648)
15 64 years: 63.2% (male 2,385,152/female 2,263,780)
65 years and over: 4.6% (2024 est.) (male 151,125/female 184,471)

Ethnic groups: Amazigh and Arab 97%, other 3% (includes Egyptian, Greek, Indian, Italian, Maltese, Pakistani, Tunisian, and Turkish)

Dependency Ratios

Total dependency ratio: 58.3 (2024 est.)
Youth dependency ratio: 51.1 (2024 est.)
Potential support ratio: 13.9 (2024 est.)
Elderly dependency ratio: 7.2 (2024 est.)

Physician density: 2.04 physicians/1,000 population (2017)
Health expenditure: 5.1% of national budget (2022 est.)
Net migration rate: -2.89 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2025 est.)
Hospital bed density: 3.2 beds/1,000 population (2021 est.)
Total fertility rate: 2.96 children born/woman (2025 est.)

Drinking Water Source

Improved: total: total: 99.9% of population (2022 est.)
Unimproved: total: total: 0.1% of population (2022 est.)

Infant Mortality Rate

Male: 12.1 deaths/1,000 live births
Total: 10.4 deaths/1,000 live births (2025 est.)
Female: 9.3 deaths/1,000 live births

Population growth rate: 1.35% (2025 est.)
Gross reproduction rate: 1.44 (2025 est.)
Population distribution: over 90% of the population lives along the Mediterranean coast in and between Tripoli to the west and Al Bayda to the east; the interior remains vastly underpopulated due to the Sahara and its lack of surface water, as shown in this population distribution map

Life Expectancy at Birth

Male: 75.5 years
Female: 80 years
Total population: 77.7 years (2024 est.)

Maternal mortality ratio: 59 deaths/100,000 live births (2023 est.)

Sanitation Facility Access

Improved: total: total: 99.3% of population (2022 est.)
Unimproved: total: total: 0.7% of population (2022 est.)

Alcohol Consumption Per Capita

Beer: 0 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
Wine: 0.01 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
Total: 0.01 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
Spirits: 0 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
Other alcohols: 0 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

Major urban areas population: 1.183 million TRIPOLI (capital), 984,000 Misratah, 859,000 Benghazi (2023)
Obesity adult prevalence rate: 32.5% (2016)
Children under the age of 5 years underweight: 4.3% (2022 est.)

Government

Civica · structure

How power is organised

ExecutiveLegislative

Flag: description: three horizontal bands of red (top), black (double-width), and green, with a white crescent and star centered on the black stripe

meaning: the colors represent the three major regions of the country: red stands for Fezzan, black for Cyrenaica, and green for Tripolitania; the crescent and star represent Islam

history: the National Transitional Council reintroduced this flag design from the former Kingdom of Libya (1951-69) in 2011 to replace the all-green banner of the QADHAFI regime

Capital

Name: Tripoli (Tarabulus)
Etymology: the name derives from the Greek words tri and polis, meaning "three cities;" the modern-day city was founded in the 14th century to replace the three ancient cities of Pallantium, Tegea, and Mantineia
Time difference: UTC+2 (7 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)
Geographic coordinates: 32 53 N, 13 10 E

Suffrage: 18 years of age, universal

Citizenship

Citizenship BY birth: no
Citizenship BY descent only: at least one parent or grandparent must be a citizen of Libya
Dual citizenship recognized: no
Residency requirement for naturalization: varies from 3 to 5 years

Constitution

Note: note: a draft constitution was approved in 2017, but it is not yet ratified
History: previous 1951, 1977, 2011 (interim)

Country Name

Etymology: the name probably derives from the Libu, a North African tribe first mentioned in texts from the 13th century B.C.; the ancient Greeks and Romans used the name for the entire North African coast west of Egypt
Local long form: Dawlat Libiya
Local short form: Libiya
Conventional long form: State of Libya
Conventional short form: Libya

Independence: 24 December 1951 (from UN trusteeship)
Legal system: Libya's post-revolution system is in flux and driven by state and non-state entities
Government type: in transition

Judicial Branch

Highest court(s): Libya's judicial system consists of a supreme court, central high courts (in Tripoli, Benghazi, and Sabha), and a series of lower courts

Executive Branch

Chief of state: President, Presidential Council, Mohammed al-MANFI (since 5 February 2021)
Head of government: GNU Interim Prime Minister Abd-al-Hamid DUBAYBAH (since 5 February 2021)
Most recent election date: scheduled for 24 December 2021 but not held
Election/appointment process: first direct presidential election was not held as planned
Expected date of next election: no new date has been set for elections

National holiday: Liberation Day, 23 October (2011)
National color(s): red, black, green

National Heritage

Total world heritage sites: 5 (all cultural)
Selected world heritage site locales: Archaeological Site of Cyrene; Archaeological Site of Leptis Magna, Archaeological Site of Sabratha; Rock-Art Sites of Tadrart Acacus; Old Town of Ghadamès

Legislative Branch

Note: note: 32 seats are reserved for women
Chamber name: House of Representatives (Majlis Al-Nuwaab)
Number of seats: 200 (all directly elected)
Electoral system: other systems
Scope of elections: full renewal
Legislative structure: unicameral
Most recent election date: 6/25/2014
Expected date of next election: December 2026
Percentage of women in chamber: 16.5%

National Anthem(s)

Title: "Libya, Libya, Libya"
History: adopted 1951, but replaced in 1969 when QADHAFI came to power; readopted 2011 with some modification to the lyrics; also known as "Ya Beladi" (O My Country)
Lyrics/music: Al Bashir AL AREBI/Mohamad Abdel WAHAB

National symbol(s): star and crescent, hawk
Administrative divisions: 22 governorates (muhafazah, singular - muhafazat); Al Butnan, Al Jabal al Akhdar, Al Jabal al Gharbi, Al Jafarah, Al Jufrah, Al Kufrah, Al Marj, Al Marqab, Al Wahat, An Nuqat al Khams, Az Zawiyah, Banghazi (Benghazi), Darnah, Ghat, Misratah, Murzuq, Nalut, Sabha, Surt, Tarabulus (Tripoli), Wadi al Hayat, Wadi ash Shati

Diplomatic Representation in the US

Fax: [1] (202) 944-9606
Chancery: 1460 Dahlia Street NW, Washington, DC 20012
Telephone: [1] (202) 944-9601
Chief of mission: Ambassador (vacant); Chargé d'Affaires Fadil S M OMAR (since 17 July 2023)
Email address and website: info@embassyoflibyadc.com

https://www.embassyoflibyadc.org/

Diplomatic Representation from the US

Note: note: the US Embassy in Tripoli closed in July 2014 due to Libyan civil unrest; embassy staff and operations currently are located at US Embassy Tunis, Tunisia
Embassy: US Embassy Tripoli operations suspended in 2014
Telephone: [216] 71-107-000
Mailing address: 8850 Tripoli Place, Washington, DC  20521-8850
Chief of mission: Ambassador (vacant); Chargé d'Affaires Jeremy BERNDT (since 14 October 2023)
Email address and website: Webmaster_Libya@state.gov

https://ly.usembassy.gov/

International organisations: ABEDA, AfDB, AFESD, AMF, AMU, AU, BDEAC, CAEU, COMESA, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (NGOs), ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, LAS, LCBC, MIGA, NAM, OAPEC, OIC, OPCW, OPEC, PCA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHRC, UNIDO, UNOOSA, UNSMIL, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO (observer)
International law organization participation: has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; non-party state to the ICCt

Legislature

LIBYA · LEGISLATURE

House of Representatives

200 seats · hover a seat for the party

Total seats

200

Majority line

101

Largest party

—

Parties

—

Leaders

Current

AI
Aguila Saleh Issa
- Head of StateSince 2014
AD
Abd al-Hamid Dbeibeh
- Head of GovernmentSince 2021

Economy

Budget

Revenues: $28.005 billion (2019 est.)
Expenditures: $37.475 billion (2019 est.)

Exports

Civica canonical (reconciled): $34.9B

Note: note: balance of payments - exports of goods and services in current dollars
Exports 2021: $32.38 billion (2021 est.)
Exports 2022: $39.831 billion (2022 est.)
Exports 2023: $37.753 billion (2023 est.)

Imports

Civica canonical (reconciled): $27.6B

Note: note: balance of payments - imports of goods and services in current dollars
Imports 2021: $25.406 billion (2021 est.)
Imports 2022: $27.872 billion (2022 est.)
Imports 2023: $33.284 billion (2023 est.)

Industries: petroleum, petrochemicals, aluminum, iron and steel, food processing, textiles, handicrafts, cement
Labor force: 2.585 million (2024 est.)

Public Debt

Civica canonical (reconciled): 7.5% of GDP (2016 est.)

Public debt 2016: 7.5% of GDP (2016 est.)

Remittances

Note: note: personal transfers and compensation between resident and non-resident individuals/households/entities
Remittances 2021: 0% of GDP (2021 est.)
Remittances 2022: 0% of GDP (2022 est.)
Remittances 2023: 0% of GDP (2023 est.)

Exchange Rates

Currency: Libyan dinars (LYD) per US dollar -
Exchange rates 2020: 1.389 (2020 est.)
Exchange rates 2021: 4.514 (2021 est.)
Exchange rates 2022: 4.813 (2022 est.)
Exchange rates 2023: 4.813 (2023 est.)
Exchange rates 2024: 4.832 (2024 est.)

Economic overview: upper middle-income, fossil fuel-based North African economy; 31% economic contraction due to COVID-19 and 2020 oil blockade; reduced government spending; central bank had to devalue currency; public wages are over 60% of expenditures

Unemployment Rate

Civica canonical (reconciled): 18.8%

Note: note: % of labor force seeking employment
Unemployment rate 2022: 19.3% (2022 est.)
Unemployment rate 2023: 18.8% (2023 est.)
Unemployment rate 2024: 18.7% (2024 est.)

Exports partners: Italy 23%, Germany 15%, Spain 9%, France 7%, China 6% (2023)
Imports partners: China 17%, Turkey 15%, Italy 8%, UAE 8%, Egypt 8% (2023)

Real GDP Per Capita

Civica canonical (reconciled): $14,304

Note: note: data in 2021 dollars
Real GDP per capita 2022: $11,500 (2022 est.)
Real GDP per capita 2023: $12,500 (2023 est.)
Real GDP per capita 2024: $12,300 (2024 est.)

Real GDP Growth Rate

Civica canonical (reconciled): 1.9%

Note: note: annual GDP % growth based on constant local currency
Real GDP growth rate 2022: -8.3% (2022 est.)
Real GDP growth rate 2023: 10.2% (2023 est.)
Real GDP growth rate 2024: -0.6% (2024 est.)

Agricultural products: potatoes, onions, watermelons, tomatoes, dates, olives, milk, chicken, wheat, vegetables (2023)
Exports commodities: crude petroleum, natural gas, refined petroleum, gold, scrap iron (2023)
Imports commodities: refined petroleum, broadcasting equipment, tobacco, garments, cars (2023)

Current Account Balance

Civica canonical (reconciled): $1.9B

Note: note: balance of payments - net trade and primary/secondary income in current dollars
Current account balance 2021: $5.675 billion (2021 est.)
Current account balance 2022: $9.607 billion (2022 est.)
Current account balance 2023: $1.865 billion (2023 est.)

GDP (official exchange rate): $46.636 billion (2024 est.)

GDP Composition, BY End Use

Note: note: figures may not total 100% due to rounding or gaps in data collection
Household consumption: 32.7% (2024 est.)
Government consumption: 36.7% (2024 est.)
Investment in inventories: 0% (2024 est.)
Investment in fixed capital: 14.8% (2024 est.)
Exports of goods and services: 74.8% (2024 est.)
Imports of goods and services: -59.1% (2024 est.)

Inflation Rate (Consumer Prices)

Civica canonical (reconciled): 2.1%

Note: note: annual % change based on consumer prices
Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2022: 4.5% (2022 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2023: 2.4% (2023 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2024: 2.1% (2024 est.)

Industrial production growth rate: -5.8% (2024 est.)

Real GDP (Purchasing Power Parity)

Civica canonical (reconciled): $90.609 billion (2024 est.)

Note: note: data in 2021 dollars
Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2022: $82.756 billion (2022 est.)
Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2023: $91.161 billion (2023 est.)
Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2024: $90.609 billion (2024 est.)

Youth Unemployment Rate (Ages 15 24)

Male: 41.5% (2024 est.)
Note: note: % of labor force ages 15-24 seeking employment
Total: 49.5% (2024 est.)
Female: 68.8% (2024 est.)

Reserves of Foreign Exchange and Gold

Note: note: holdings of gold (year-end prices)/foreign exchange/special drawing rights in current dollars
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2022: $86.683 billion (2022 est.)
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2023: $92.427 billion (2023 est.)
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2024: $92.894 billion (2024 est.)

GDP Composition, BY Sector of Origin

Note: note: figures may not total 100% due to non-allocated consumption not captured in sector-reported data
Industry: 68.3% (2024 est.)
Services: 34.3% (2024 est.)
Agriculture: 1.7% (2024 est.)

Energy

Coal

Imports: 4,000 metric tons (2023 est.)

Petroleum

Total petroleum production: 1.245 million bbl/day (2023 est.)
Crude oil estimated reserves: 48.363 billion barrels (2021 est.)
Refined petroleum consumption: 207,000 bbl/day (2023 est.)

Electricity

Imports: 800 million kWh (2023 est.)
Consumption: 28.826 billion kWh (2023 est.)
Installed generating capacity: 10.519 million kW (2023 est.)
Transmission/distribution losses: 7.081 billion kWh (2023 est.)

Natural Gas

Exports: 2.527 billion cubic meters (2023 est.)
Production: 11.16 billion cubic meters (2023 est.)
Consumption: 8.633 billion cubic meters (2023 est.)
Proven reserves: 1.505 trillion cubic meters (2021 est.)

Electricity Access

Electrification urban areas: 100%
Electrification total population: 70% (2022 est.)

Energy Consumption Per Capita

Total energy consumption per capita 2023: 100.844 million Btu/person (2023 est.)

Electricity Generation Sources

Fossil fuels: 100% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)

Communications

Internet Users

Percent of population: 89% (2023 est.)

Broadcast media: state-funded and private TV stations; some provinces operate local TV stations; pan-Arab satellite TV stations are available; state-funded radio (2019)
Internet country code: .ly

Telephones Fixed Lines

Total subscriptions: 1.218 million (2022 est.)
Subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 17 (2022 est.)

Telephones Mobile Cellular

Total subscriptions: 13.9 million (2022 est.)
Subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 205 (2022 est.)

Broadband Fixed Subscriptions

Total: 326,000 (2022 est.)
Subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 5 (2022 est.)

Transport

Ports

Large: 0
Small: 3
Medium: 2
Key ports: Al Burayqah, Az Zawiya, Banghazi, Mersa Tobruq, Mina Tarabulus (Tripoli)
Very small: 9
Total ports: 14 (2024)
Ports with oil terminals: 10

Airports: 75 (2025)

Merchant Marine

Total: 96 (2023)
BY type: general cargo 2, oil tanker 13, other 81

Civil aircraft registration country code prefix: 5A

Environment

Climate: Mediterranean along coast; dry, extreme desert interior

Land Use

Other: 91.2% (2023 est.)
Forest: 0.1% (2023 est.)
Agricultural land: 8.7% (2023 est.)
Agricultural land: arable land: arable land: 1% (2023 est.)
Agricultural land: permanent crops: permanent crops: 0.2% (2023 est.)
Agricultural land: permanent pasture: permanent pasture: 7.6% (2023 est.)

Urbanization

Urban population: 81.6% of total population (2023)
Rate of urbanization: 1.45% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)

Methane Emissions

Other: 3.6 kt (2019-2021 est.)
Waste: 77.3 kt (2019-2021 est.)
Energy: 1,357.4 kt (2022-2024 est.)
Agriculture: 63.4 kt (2019-2021 est.)

Waste and Recycling

Municipal solid waste generated annually: 2.148 million tons (2024 est.)

Environmental issues: desertification; limited natural freshwater resources; water pollution; threats to coastal ecosystem from sewage, oil byproducts, and industrial waste

Total Water Withdrawal

Municipal: 700 million cubic meters (2022 est.)
Industrial: 280 million cubic meters (2022 est.)
Agricultural: 4.85 billion cubic meters (2022 est.)

Carbon Dioxide Emissions

Total emissions: 46.479 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)
From consumed natural gas: 16.936 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)
From coal and metallurgical coke: 700 metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)
From petroleum and other liquids: 29.542 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)

Particulate matter emissions: 29.8 micrograms per cubic meter (2019 est.)
Total renewable water resources: 700 million cubic meters (2022 est.)

International Environmental Agreements

Party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Marine Dumping-London Convention, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands
Signed, but not ratified: Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Law of the Sea

Military & Security

Military note: the western-based forces aligned with the GNU and the eastern-based LNA forces are separated by a fortified line of control just west of the coastal city of Sirte; Turkey has provided support to the GNU forces, including military trainers, ammunition, weapons, and aerial drones; Russia, the United Arab Emirates, and Egypt have been the main supporters of the LNA (2025)
Military expenditures: not available
Military and security forces: the Libyan Armed Forces of the Tripoli-based Government of National Unity (GNU) have various ground, air, and naval/coast guard forces, which include a mix of nominally integrated and semi-regular units, tribal armed groups and militias, civilian volunteers, and foreign military contractors; the GNU's armed forces are nominally under the control of the Ministry of Defense; the GNU also has various internal security forces under both the Ministry of Defense and the Ministry of Interior (2025)
Military service age and obligation: not available
Military equipment inventories and acquisitions: both the forces aligned with the GNU and the LNA are largely equipped with weapons of Russian or Soviet origin; in recent years, Türkiye has the been the primary supplier of arms to the GNU, while the LNA has received quantities from Russia and the United Arab Emirates (2025)
Military and security service personnel strengths: estimates not available

Terrorism

Terrorist group(s): Ansar al-Sharia groups; Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham - Libya (ISIS-L); al-Mulathamun Battalion (al-Mourabitoun); al-Qa'ida in the Islamic Maghreb (AQIM)

Transnational Issues

Trafficking in Persons

Tier rating: Special Case; for more details, go to: https://www.state.gov/reports/2025-trafficking-in-persons-report/libya/

Refugees and Internally Displaced Persons

Idps: 139,305 (2024 est.)
Refugees: 277,010 (2024 est.)

Scores & Rankings

ScoreValueGlobal rankTrendAs of

Civica Index12.0 / 100as of 2024-Q4177 / 1902024-Q4

Civica Pulse−1.5as of 2026-05-06—2026-05-06

V-Dem Liberal Democracy0.11as of 2024-Q4136 / 1702024-Q4

Freedom House StatusNot Free (8/100)as of 2024-Q4—2024-Q4

Press Freedom (RSF)Partly free (50/100)as of 2024—2024

Cite this page

Cite this pageAPA · BibTeX · Chicago · JSON

Civica. (2026). Civica Atlas — Libya — vintage 2026-Q1: Libya factbook. Civica Atlas. Retrieved May 7, 2026, from https://civicaatlas.org/factbook/libya

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Sources: FAO FAOSTAT, ILO ILOSTAT, IMF (WEO), UN Statistics Division, UNDP HDR, UNESCO Institute for Statistics, V-Dem, WHO Global Health Observatory, World Bank, WTO Stats, CIA World Factbook, Wikidata

Libya

Area

Land Use

Elevation

Land Boundaries

Maritime Claims

Major Watersheds (Area Sq Km)

Languages

Sex Ratio

Median Age

Population

Nationality

Urbanization

Age Structure

Dependency Ratios

Drinking Water Source

Infant Mortality Rate

Life Expectancy at Birth

Sanitation Facility Access

Alcohol Consumption Per Capita

How power is organised

Capital

Citizenship

Constitution

Country Name

Judicial Branch

Executive Branch

National Heritage

Legislative Branch

National Anthem(s)

Diplomatic Representation in the US

Diplomatic Representation from the US

House of Representatives

Current

Aguila Saleh Issa

Abd al-Hamid Dbeibeh

Budget

Exports

Imports

Public Debt

Remittances

Exchange Rates

Unemployment Rate

Real GDP Per Capita

Real GDP Growth Rate

Current Account Balance

GDP Composition, BY End Use

Inflation Rate (Consumer Prices)

Real GDP (Purchasing Power Parity)

Youth Unemployment Rate (Ages 15 24)

Reserves of Foreign Exchange and Gold

GDP Composition, BY Sector of Origin

Coal

Petroleum

Electricity

Natural Gas

Electricity Access

Energy Consumption Per Capita

Electricity Generation Sources

Internet Users

Telephones Fixed Lines

Telephones Mobile Cellular

Broadband Fixed Subscriptions

Ports

Merchant Marine

Land Use

Urbanization

Methane Emissions

Waste and Recycling

Total Water Withdrawal

Carbon Dioxide Emissions

International Environmental Agreements

Trafficking in Persons

Refugees and Internally Displaced Persons

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