Montenegro

Parliamentary RepublicPop624KGDP (PPP)$17.4BCI53Beta CP0.0→Beta

Some figures reconciled across multiple sources via Civica's methodology (v0.2 BETA). Methodology →

Montenegro

⌘K

Overview

Background: The use of the name Crna Gora or Black Mountain (Montenegro) began in the 13th century in reference to a highland region in the Serbian province of Zeta. Under Ottoman control beginning in 1496, Montenegro was a semi-autonomous theocracy ruled by a series of bishop princes until 1852, when it became a secular principality. Montenegro fought a series of wars with the Ottomans and eventually won recognition as an independent sovereign principality at the Congress of Berlin in 1878. In 1918, the country was absorbed by the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes, which became the Kingdom of Yugoslavia in 1929. At the end of World War II, Montenegro joined the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (SFRY). When the SFRY dissolved in 1992, Montenegro and Serbia created the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (FRY), which shifted in 2003 to a looser State Union of Serbia and Montenegro. Montenegro voted to restore its independence on 3 June 2006. Montenegro became an official EU candidate in 2010 and joined NATO in 2017.

Geography

Area

Land: 13,452 sq km
Water: 360 sq km
Total: 13,812 sq km

Climate: Mediterranean climate, hot dry summers and autumns and relatively cold winters with heavy snowfalls inland
Terrain: highly indented coastline with narrow coastal plain backed by rugged high limestone mountains and plateaus

Land Use

Other: 18.9% (2023 est.)
Forest: 61.5% (2023 est.)
Agricultural land: 19.6% (2023 est.)
Agricultural land: arable land: arable land: 0.7% (2023 est.)
Agricultural land: permanent crops: permanent crops: 0.4% (2023 est.)
Agricultural land: permanent pasture: permanent pasture: 18.5% (2023 est.)

Location: Southeastern Europe, between the Adriatic Sea and Serbia
Coastline: 293.5 km

Elevation

Lowest point: Adriatic Sea 0 m
Highest point: Zia Kolata 2,534 m
Mean elevation: 1,086 m

Irrigated land: 24 sq km (2012)
Map references: Europe

Land Boundaries

Total: 680 km
Border countries: Albania 186 km; Bosnia and Herzegovina 242 km; Croatia 19 km; Kosovo 76 km; Serbia 157 km

Maritime Claims

Territorial sea: 12 nm
Continental shelf: defined by treaty

Natural hazards: destructive earthquakes
Geography note: strategic location along the Adriatic coast
Natural resources: bauxite, hydroelectricity
Area comparative: slightly smaller than Connecticut; slightly larger than twice the size of Delaware
Geographic coordinates: 42 30 N, 19 18 E
Population distribution: highest population density is concentrated in the south and southwest; the extreme eastern border is the least populated area

Major Lakes (Area Sq Km)

Fresh water lake(s): Lake Scutari (shared with Albania) - 400 sq km
note - largest lake in the Balkans

Major Watersheds (Area Sq Km)

Atlantic ocean drainage: (Black Sea) Danube (795,656 sq km)

People & Society

Literacy

Male: 99.2% (2018 est.)
Female: 97.9% (2018 est.)
Total population: 98.5% (2018 est.)

Languages

Languages: Serbian 42.9%, Montenegrin (official) 37%, Bosnian 5.3%, Albanian 5.3%, Serbo-Croat 2%, other 3.5%, unspecified 4% (2011 est.)
Major language sample(s): Knjiga svetskih činjenica, neophodan izvor osnovnih informacija. (Serbian)

Knjiga svjetskih činjenica, neophodan izvor osnovnih informacija. (Montenegrin/Bosnian)

The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information.

Religions: Orthodox 72.1%, Muslim 19.1%, Catholic 3.4%, atheist 1.2%, other 1.5%, unspecified 2.6% (2011 est.)

Sex Ratio

At birth: 1.04 male(s)/female
0 14 years: 1.06 male(s)/female
15 64 years: 1 male(s)/female
Total population: 0.96 male(s)/female (2024 est.)
65 years and over: 0.78 male(s)/female

Birth rate: 10.77 births/1,000 population (2025 est.)
Death rate: 10.29 deaths/1,000 population (2025 est.)

Median Age

Male: 39.5 years
Total: 41.5 years (2025 est.)
Female: 42.5 years

Population

Male: 294,482
Total: 599,849 (2024 est.)
Female: 305,367

Nationality

Noun: Montenegrin(s)
Adjective: Montenegrin

Tobacco Use

Male: 29.9% (2025 est.)
Total: 31.6% (2025 est.)
Female: 33.1% (2025 est.)

Urbanization

Urban population: 68.5% of total population (2023)
Rate of urbanization: 0.45% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)

Age Structure

0 14 years: 17.7% (male 54,608/female 51,594)
15 64 years: 64.4% (male 192,631/female 193,515)
65 years and over: 17.9% (2024 est.) (male 47,243/female 60,258)

Ethnic groups: Montenegrin 45%, Serbian 28.7%, Bosniak 8.7%, Albanian 4.9%, Muslim 3.3%, Romani 1%, Croat 1%, other 2.6%, unspecified 4.9% (2011 est.)

Child Marriage

Men married BY age 18: 3.2% (2018)
Women married BY age 15: 1.9% (2018)
Women married BY age 18: 5.8% (2018)

Dependency Ratios

Total dependency ratio: 55.3 (2024 est.)
Youth dependency ratio: 27.5 (2024 est.)
Potential support ratio: 3.6 (2024 est.)
Elderly dependency ratio: 27.8 (2024 est.)

Physician density: 2.78 physicians/1,000 population (2023)

Health Expenditure

Health expenditure (as % of GDP): 10.6% of GDP (2021)
Health expenditure (as % of national budget): 16.3% of national budget (2022 est.)

Net migration rate: -5.03 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2025 est.)
Hospital bed density: 3.8 beds/1,000 population (2020 est.)
Total fertility rate: 1.8 children born/woman (2025 est.)

Drinking Water Source

Improved: rural: rural: 98.2% of population (2022 est.)
Improved: total: total: 98.9% of population (2022 est.)
Improved: urban: urban: 99.2% of population (2022 est.)
Unimproved: rural: rural: 1.8% of population (2022 est.)
Unimproved: total: total: 1.1% of population (2022 est.)
Unimproved: urban: urban: 0.8% of population (2022 est.)

Infant Mortality Rate

Male: 2.7 deaths/1,000 live births
Total: 3.1 deaths/1,000 live births (2025 est.)
Female: 3.7 deaths/1,000 live births

Population growth rate: -0.46% (2025 est.)
Gross reproduction rate: 0.88 (2025 est.)
Population distribution: highest population density is concentrated in the south and southwest; the extreme eastern border is the least populated area

Life Expectancy at Birth

Male: 75.8 years
Female: 80.7 years
Total population: 78.2 years (2024 est.)

Maternal mortality ratio: 6 deaths/100,000 live births (2023 est.)

Sanitation Facility Access

Improved: rural: rural: 93.9% of population (2022 est.)
Improved: total: total: 98.1% of population (2022 est.)
Improved: urban: urban: 100% of population (2022 est.)
Unimproved: rural: rural: 6.1% of population (2022 est.)
Unimproved: total: total: 1.9% of population (2022 est.)
Unimproved: urban: urban: 0% of population (2022 est.)

Alcohol Consumption Per Capita

Beer: 3.83 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
Wine: 2.68 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
Total: 9.91 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
Spirits: 3.22 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
Other alcohols: 0.16 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

Major urban areas population: 177,000 PODGORICA (capital) (2018)
Obesity adult prevalence rate: 23.3% (2016)
Mother's mean age at first birth: 26.3 years (2010 est.)
Currently married women (ages 15 49): 57.6% (2018 est.)
Children under the age of 5 years underweight: 3.7% (2018 est.)

School Life Expectancy (Primary to Tertiary Education)

Male: 15 years (2023 est.)
Total: 16 years (2023 est.)
Female: 16 years (2023 est.)

Government

Civica · structure

How power is organised

ExecutiveLegislative

Flag: description: a red field bordered with a narrow golden-yellow stripe; the Montenegrin coat of arms in the center is a double-headed golden eagle, with a crown above; the eagle holds a golden scepter in its right claw and a blue orb in its left; the eagle's breast shield shows a golden lion on a green field in front of a blue sky

meaning: the eagle symbolizes the unity of church and state; the lion is a symbol of episcopal authority, a reference to the three-and-a-half centuries when Montenegro was ruled as a theocracy

Capital

Name: Podgorica
Note: note: Cetinje retains the status of "Old Royal Capital"
Etymology: the Slavic name translates as "under the mountain," from pod (under) and gora (mountain)
Time difference: UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)
Daylight saving time: +1 hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October
Geographic coordinates: 42 26 N, 19 16 E

Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal

Citizenship

Citizenship BY birth: no
Citizenship BY descent only: at least one parent must be a citizen of Montenegro
Dual citizenship recognized: no
Residency requirement for naturalization: 10 years

Constitution

History: several previous; latest adopted 22 October 2007
Amendment process: proposed by the president of Montenegro, by the government, or by at least 25 members of the Assembly; passage of draft proposals requires two-thirds majority vote of the Assembly, followed by a public hearing; passage of draft amendments requires two-thirds majority vote of the Assembly; changes to certain constitutional articles, such as sovereignty, state symbols, citizenship, and constitutional change procedures, require three-fifths majority vote in a referendum

Country Name

Former: People's Republic of Montenegro, Socialist Republic of Montenegro, Republic of Montenegro
Etymology: the name in Italian means "dark mountain" and is a translation of the Serbo-Croatian name Crna Gora; both refer to the dark coniferous forests in the mountainous region
Local long form: none
Local short form: Crna Gora
Conventional long form: none
Conventional short form: Montenegro

Independence: 3 June 2006 (from the State Union of Serbia and Montenegro); notable earlier dates: 13 March 1852 (Principality of Montenegro established); 13 July 1878 (Congress of Berlin recognizes Montenegrin independence); 28 August 1910 (Kingdom of Montenegro established)
Legal system: civil law
Government type: parliamentary republic

Judicial Branch

Highest court(s): Supreme Court or Vrhovni Sud (consists of the court president, deputy president, and 15 judges); Constitutional Court or Ustavni Sud (consists of the court president and 7 judges)
Subordinate courts: Administrative Courts; Appellate Court; Commercial Courts; High Courts; basic courts
Judge selection and term of office: Supreme Court president proposed by general session of the Supreme Court and elected by the Judicial Council, a 9-member body consisting of judges, lawyers designated by the Assembly, and the minister of judicial affairs; Supreme Court president elected for a single renewable, 5-year term; other judges elected by the Judicial Council for life; Constitutional Court judges - 2 proposed by the president of Montenegro and 5 by the Assembly, and elected by the Assembly; court president elected from among the court members; court president elected for a 3-year term, other judges serve 9-year terms

Executive Branch

Cabinet: ministers serve as the cabinet
Chief of state: President Jakov MILATOVIC (since 20 May 2023)
Election results: 2023: Jakov MILATOVIC elected president in second round; percent of vote in first round - Milo DUKANOVIC (DPS) 35.4%, Jakov MILATOVIC (Europe Now!) 28.9%, Andrija MANDIC (DF) 19.3%, Aleksa BECIC (DCG) 11.1%, other 5.3%; percent of vote in second round - Jakov MILATOVIC 58.9%, Milo DUKANOVIC 41.1%

2018: Milo DJUKANOVIC elected president in first round; percent of vote - Milo DJUKANOVIC (DPS) 53.9%, Mladen BOJANIC (independent) 33.4%, Draginja VUKSANOVIC (SDP) 8.2%, Marko MILACIC (PRAVA) 2.8%, other 1.7%
Head of government: Prime Minister Milojko SPAJIC (since 31 October 2023)
Most recent election date: 19 March 2023, with a runoff on 2 April 2023
Election/appointment process: president directly elected by absolute-majority popular vote in 2 rounds, if needed, for a 5-year term (eligible for a second term); prime minister nominated by the president, approved by the Assembly
Expected date of next election: 2028

National holiday: Statehood Day, 13 July (1878, 1941)
National color(s): red, gold

National Heritage

Total world heritage sites: 4 (3 cultural, 1 natural)
Selected world heritage site locales: Natural and Culturo-Historical Region of Kotor (c); Durmitor National Park (n); Stećci Medieval Tombstones Graveyards (c); Fortified City of Kotor Venetian Defense Works (c)

Political parties: Albanian Alliance (electoral coalition includes FORCA, PD, DSCG)
Albanian Alternative or AA
Albanian Democratic League or LDSH
Albanian Forum (electoral coalition includes AA, LDSH, UDSH)
Aleksa and Dritan - Count Bravely! (electoral coalition includes Democrats, URA)
Bosniak Party or BS
Civic Movement United Reform Action or United Reform Action or URA
Croatian Civic Initiative or HGI
Democratic Alliance or DEMOS
Democratic League in Montenegro or DSCG
Democratic Montenegro or Democrats
Democratic Party of Socialists or DPS
Democratic People's Party or DNP
Democratic Union of Albanians or UDSH
Europe Now!
For the Future of Montenegro or ZBCG (coalition includes NSD, DNP, RP)
Liberal Party or LP
New Democratic Power or FORCA
New Serb Democracy or NSD or NOVA
Social Democrats or SD
Socialist People's Party or SNP
Together! (electoral coalition includes DPS, SD, LP, UDSH)
United Montenegro or UCG (split from DEMOS)
Workers' Party or RP

Legislative Branch

Term in office: 4 years
Number of seats: 81 (all directly elected)
Electoral system: proportional representation
Legislature name: Parliament (Skupstina)
Scope of elections: full renewal
Legislative structure: unicameral
Most recent election date: 6/11/2023
Expected date of next election: June 2027
Percentage of women in chamber: 27.2%
Parties elected and seats per party: Europe now! (Evropa sad) (24); Together! For the future that belongs to you (DPS – SD – DUA – LP - UDSh) (21); For the future of Montenegro (New Serb Democracy; Democratic People’s Party of Montenegro, Labour Party) (13); Bravery counts! (HRABRO se broji!) (11); It’s clear! (Jasno je!) – Bosniak Party (6); Other (6)

National Anthem(s)

Title: "Oj, svijetla majska zoro" (Oh, Bright Dawn of May)
History: adopted 2004; music based on a Montenegrin folk song
Lyrics/music: Sekula DRLJEVIC/unknown, arranged by Zarko MIKOVIC

National symbol(s): double-headed eagle
Administrative divisions: 25 municipalities (opstine, singular - opstina); Andrijevica, Bar, Berane, Bijelo Polje, Budva, Cetinje, Danilovgrad, Gusinje, Herceg Novi, Kolasin, Kotor, Mojkovac, Niksic, Petnjica, Plav, Pljevlja, Pluzine, Podgorica, Rozaje, Savnik, Tivat, Tuzi, Ulcinj, Zabljak, Zeta

Diplomatic Representation in the US

Fax: [1] (202) 234-6109
Chancery: 1610 New Hampshire Avenue NW, Washington, DC, 20009
Telephone: [1] (202) 234-6108
Chief of mission: Ambassador Jovan MIRKOVIĆ (since 18 September 2024)
Consulate(s) general: New York
Email address and website: usa@mfa.gov.me

United States of America - Embassies and consulates of Montenegro and visa regimes for foreign citizens (www.gov.me)

Diplomatic Representation from the US

Fax: [382]  (0) 20-241-358
Embassy: Dzona Dzeksona 2, 81000 Podgorica
Telephone: [382] (0) 20-410-500
Mailing address: 5570 Podgorica Place, Washington DC  20521-5570
Chief of mission: Ambassador Judy Rising REINKE (since 20 December 2018)
Email address and website: PodgoricaACS@state.gov

https://me.usembassy.gov/

International organisations: CE, CEI, EAPC, EBRD, FAO, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (NGOs), ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO (correspondent), ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, NATO, OAS (observer), OIF (observer), OPCW, OSCE, PCA, PFP, SELEC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNHRC, UNIDO, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO
International law organization participation: has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; accepts ICCt jurisdiction

Legislature

MONTENEGRO · LEGISLATURE

Parliament

81 seats · hover a seat for the party

Total seats

Majority line

Largest party

Socialist People's Party of Montenegro

Parties

All political parties7 parties · 81 seats · click to dim in hemicycle

Leaders

Current

JM
Jakov Milatović
- Head of StateSince 2023
MS
Milojko Spajić
- Head of GovernmentSince 2023

Economy

Budget

Note: note: central government revenues and expenses (excluding grants/extrabudgetary units/social security funds) converted to US dollars at average official exchange rate for year indicated
Revenues: $1.463 billion (2015 est.)
Expenditures: $1.491 billion (2015 est.)

Exports

Civica canonical (reconciled): $3.6B

Note: note: balance of payments - exports of goods and services in current dollars
Exports 2022: $3.177 billion (2022 est.)
Exports 2023: $3.769 billion (2023 est.)
Exports 2024: $3.629 billion (2024 est.)

Imports

Civica canonical (reconciled): $5.5B

Note: note: balance of payments - imports of goods and services in current dollars
Imports 2022: $4.614 billion (2022 est.)
Imports 2023: $5.167 billion (2023 est.)
Imports 2024: $5.478 billion (2024 est.)

Industries: steelmaking, aluminum, agricultural processing, consumer goods, tourism
Labor force: 245,300 (2024 est.)

Public Debt

Civica canonical (reconciled): 67.2% of GDP (2017 est.)

Note: note: data cover general government debt, and includes debt instruments issued (or owned) by government entities other than the treasury; the data include treasury debt held by foreign entities; the data include debt issued by subnational entities, as well as intragovernmental debt; intragovernmental debt consists of treasury borrowings from surpluses in the social funds, such as for retirement, medical care, and unemployment; debt instruments for the social funds are not sold at public auctions
Public debt 2017: 67.2% of GDP (2017 est.)

Remittances

Note: note: personal transfers and compensation between resident and non-resident individuals/households/entities
Remittances 2022: 13.3% of GDP (2022 est.)
Remittances 2023: 10.7% of GDP (2023 est.)
Remittances 2024: 10.6% of GDP (2024 est.)

Exchange Rates

Note: note: Montenegro, which is neither an EU member state nor a party to a formal EU monetary agreement, uses the euro as its de facto currency
Currency: euros (EUR) per US dollar -
Exchange rates 2020: 0.877 (2020 est.)
Exchange rates 2021: 0.845 (2021 est.)
Exchange rates 2022: 0.951 (2022 est.)
Exchange rates 2023: 0.925 (2023 est.)
Exchange rates 2024: 0.924 (2024 est.)

Debt External

Note: note: present value of external debt in current US dollars
Debt external 2023: $3.643 billion (2023 est.)

Economic overview: upper-middle-income, small Balkan economy; uses euro as de facto currency; reduced growth due to slowdown in tourism and industrial production; new impetus for EU accession under Europe Now government; energy price cap and declining food and services prices easing inflation rate

Unemployment Rate

Civica canonical (reconciled): 13.6%

Note: note: % of labor force seeking employment
Unemployment rate 2022: 14.9% (2022 est.)
Unemployment rate 2023: 14.7% (2023 est.)
Unemployment rate 2024: 14.1% (2024 est.)

Exports partners: Italy 38%, Serbia 13%, Spain 6%, Slovenia 5%, Bosnia & Herzegovina 4% (2023)
Imports partners: Serbia 21%, China 10%, Germany 8%, Croatia 6%, Italy 6% (2023)

Real GDP Per Capita

Civica canonical (reconciled): $34,063

Note: note: data in 2021 dollars
Real GDP per capita 2022: $25,400 (2022 est.)
Real GDP per capita 2023: $27,000 (2023 est.)
Real GDP per capita 2024: $27,900 (2024 est.)

Real GDP Growth Rate

Civica canonical (reconciled): 3.2%

Note: note: annual GDP % growth based on constant local currency
Real GDP growth rate 2022: 6.4% (2022 est.)
Real GDP growth rate 2023: 6.3% (2023 est.)
Real GDP growth rate 2024: 3% (2024 est.)

Agricultural products: milk, potatoes, watermelons, grapes, sheep milk, cabbages, oranges, eggs, goat milk, figs (2023)
Exports commodities: electricity, aluminum, copper ore, aluminum ore, packaged medicine (2023)
Imports commodities: refined petroleum, cars, electricity, packaged medicine, aluminum (2023)

Current Account Balance

Civica canonical (reconciled): -$1.4B

Note: note: balance of payments - net trade and primary/secondary income in current dollars
Current account balance 2022: -$817.858 million (2022 est.)
Current account balance 2023: -$851.525 million (2023 est.)
Current account balance 2024: -$1.406 billion (2024 est.)

GDP (official exchange rate): $8.07 billion (2024 est.)

GDP Composition, BY End Use

Note: note: figures may not total 100% due to rounding or gaps in data collection
Household consumption: 76.3% (2024 est.)
Government consumption: 17.9% (2024 est.)
Investment in inventories: 8.3% (2024 est.)
Investment in fixed capital: 20.2% (2024 est.)
Exports of goods and services: 44.9% (2024 est.)
Imports of goods and services: -67.5% (2024 est.)

Population below poverty line: 20.3% (2021 est.)

Average Household Expenditures

On food: 24.8% of household expenditures (2022 est.)
On alcohol and tobacco: 5.6% of household expenditures (2022 est.)

Inflation Rate (Consumer Prices)

Civica canonical (reconciled): 3.3%

Note: note: annual % change based on consumer prices
Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2022: 13% (2022 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2023: 8.6% (2023 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2024: 3.3% (2024 est.)

Industrial production growth rate: -1.7% (2024 est.)

Real GDP (Purchasing Power Parity)

Civica canonical (reconciled): $17.375 billion (2024 est.)

Note: note: data in 2021 dollars
Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2022: $15.857 billion (2022 est.)
Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2023: $16.862 billion (2023 est.)
Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2024: $17.375 billion (2024 est.)

Youth Unemployment Rate (Ages 15 24)

Male: 27.5% (2024 est.)
Note: note: % of labor force ages 15-24 seeking employment
Total: 25.9% (2024 est.)
Female: 23.6% (2024 est.)

Reserves of Foreign Exchange and Gold

Note: note: holdings of gold (year-end prices)/foreign exchange/special drawing rights in current dollars
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2022: $2.041 billion (2022 est.)
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2023: $1.574 billion (2023 est.)
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2024: $1.741 billion (2024 est.)

GDP Composition, BY Sector of Origin

Note: note: figures may not total 100% due to non-allocated consumption not captured in sector-reported data
Industry: 11.6% (2024 est.)
Services: 62.1% (2024 est.)
Agriculture: 5.2% (2024 est.)

Note: note: % share of income accruing to lowest and highest 10% of population
Lowest 10%: 2.1% (2021 est.)
Highest 10%: 24.7% (2021 est.)

Gini Index Coefficient Distribution of Family Income

Note: note: index (0-100) of income distribution; higher values represent greater inequality
Gini index coefficient distribution of family income 2021: 34.3 (2021 est.)

Energy

Coal

Exports: 205,000 metric tons (2023 est.)
Imports: 2.8 metric tons (2022 est.)
Production: 1.862 million metric tons (2023 est.)
Consumption: 1.658 million metric tons (2023 est.)
Proven reserves: 337 million metric tons (2023 est.)

Petroleum

Refined petroleum consumption: 9,000 bbl/day (2023 est.)

Electricity

Exports: 6.288 billion kWh (2023 est.)
Imports: 5.421 billion kWh (2023 est.)
Consumption: 2.719 billion kWh (2023 est.)
Installed generating capacity: 1.082 million kW (2023 est.)
Transmission/distribution losses: 601.023 million kWh (2023 est.)

Electricity Access

Electrification total population: 100% (2022 est.)

Energy Consumption Per Capita

Total energy consumption per capita 2023: 63.407 million Btu/person (2023 est.)

Electricity Generation Sources

Wind: 7.5% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
Solar: 0.4% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
Fossil fuels: 39.1% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
Hydroelectricity: 53% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)

Communications

Internet Users

Percent of population: 90% (2023 est.)

Broadcast media: state-funded national radio and TV broadcaster operates 2 terrestrial TV networks, 1 satellite TV channel, and 2 radio networks; 4 local public TV stations and 14 private TV stations; 14 local public radio stations, 35 private radio stations, and several online media (2019)
Internet country code: .me

Telephones Fixed Lines

Total subscriptions: 190,000 (2023 est.)
Subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 30 (2023 est.)

Telephones Mobile Cellular

Total subscriptions: 1.31 million (2023 est.)
Subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 203 (2022 est.)

Broadband Fixed Subscriptions

Total: 203,000 (2023 est.)
Subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 32 (2023 est.)

Transport

Ports

Large: 0
Small: 1
Medium: 0
Key ports: Bar, Kotor, Risan, Tivat
Very small: 3
Total ports: 4 (2024)
Ports with oil terminals: 1

Airports: 5 (2025)

Railways

Total: 250 km (2017)
Standard gauge: 250 km (2017) 1.435-m gauge (224 km electrified)

Heliports: 1 (2025)

Merchant Marine

Total: 18 (2023)
BY type: bulk carrier 4, other 14

Civil aircraft registration country code prefix: 4O

Environment

Climate: Mediterranean climate, hot dry summers and autumns and relatively cold winters with heavy snowfalls inland

Land Use

Other: 18.9% (2023 est.)
Forest: 61.5% (2023 est.)
Agricultural land: 19.6% (2023 est.)
Agricultural land: arable land: arable land: 0.7% (2023 est.)
Agricultural land: permanent crops: permanent crops: 0.4% (2023 est.)
Agricultural land: permanent pasture: permanent pasture: 18.5% (2023 est.)

Urbanization

Urban population: 68.5% of total population (2023)
Rate of urbanization: 0.45% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)

Waste and Recycling

Municipal solid waste generated annually: 329,800 tons (2024 est.)
Percent of municipal solid waste recycled: 6.4% (2022 est.)

Environmental issues: pollution of coastal waters from sewage outlets; serious air pollution in some cities from lignite power plants and household use of coal and wood for heating

Total Water Withdrawal

Municipal: 121.32 million cubic meters (2022 est.)
Industrial: 2.079 billion cubic meters (2022 est.)
Agricultural: 6.76 million cubic meters (2022 est.)

Carbon Dioxide Emissions

Total emissions: 2.808 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)
From coal and metallurgical coke: 1.543 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)
From petroleum and other liquids: 1.265 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)

Particulate matter emissions: 17.9 micrograms per cubic meter (2019 est.)

International Environmental Agreements

Party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Heavy Metals, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping-London Convention, Marine Life Conservation, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands
Signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Military & Security

Military note: the Army of Montenegro is responsible for the defense of Montenegro’s sovereignty and territorial integrity, cooperating in international and multinational security, and assisting civil authorities during emergencies such as natural disasters; since Montenegro joined NATO in 2017, another focus has been integrating into the Alliance, including adapting NATO standards for planning and professionalization, structural reforms, and modernization by replacing its Soviet-era equipment; the Army trains and exercises with NATO partners and actively supports NATO missions and operations, committing small numbers of troops in Afghanistan, Kosovo, and NATO’s Enhanced Forward Presence mission in Eastern Europe; a few personnel have also been deployed on EU- and UN-led operations (2025)

Military Expenditures

Civica canonical (reconciled): 2% of GDP (2025 est.)

Military expenditures 2021: 1.6% of GDP (2021 est.)
Military expenditures 2022: 1.4% of GDP (2022 est.)
Military expenditures 2023: 1.5% of GDP (2023 est.)
Military expenditures 2024: 1.7% of GDP (2024 est.)
Military expenditures 2025: 2% of GDP (2025 est.)

Military and security forces: Army of Montenegro (Vojska Crne Gore or VCG): Ground Forces, Air Force, Navy

Ministry of Interior: Police Directorate of Montenegro (2025)
Military service age and obligation: 18-30 for voluntary military service; conscription abolished in 2006 (2025)
Military equipment inventories and acquisitions: the military's inventory is small and consists largely of Soviet-era equipment inherited from the former Yugoslavia military, along with a limited but growing mix of imported Western systems (2025)
Military and security service personnel strengths: approximately 2,000 active-duty military personnel (2025)

Transnational Issues

Refugees and Internally Displaced Persons

Refugees: 18,820 (2024 est.)
Stateless persons: 423 (2024 est.)

Scores & Rankings

ScoreValueGlobal rankTrendAs of

Civica Index53.0 / 100as of 2024-Q480 / 1902024-Q4

V-Dem Liberal Democracy0.48as of 2024-Q464 / 1702024-Q4

Freedom House StatusNot Free (67/100)as of 2024-Q4—2024-Q4

Press Freedom (RSF)Partly free (50/100)as of 2024—2024

Cite this page

Cite this pageAPA · BibTeX · Chicago · JSON

Civica. (2026). Civica Atlas — Montenegro — vintage 2026-Q1: Montenegro factbook. Civica Atlas. Retrieved May 7, 2026, from https://civicaatlas.org/factbook/montenegro

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Sources: FAO FAOSTAT, ILO ILOSTAT, IMF (WEO), UN Statistics Division, UNDP HDR, UNESCO Institute for Statistics, V-Dem, WHO Global Health Observatory, World Bank, WTO Stats, CIA World Factbook, Wikidata

Montenegro

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Jakov Milatović

Milojko Spajić

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