San Marino

Parliamentary RepublicPop35KGDP (PPP)$2.4BCI81Beta CP0.0→Beta

San Marino

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Overview

Background: Geographically the third-smallest state in Europe (after the Holy See and Monaco), San Marino also claims to be the world's oldest republic. According to tradition, it was founded by a Christian stonemason named MARINUS in A.D. 301. San Marino's foreign policy is aligned with that of the EU, although it is not a member.  San Marino is negotiating an Association Agreement that is expected to allow participation in the EU’s internal market and cooperation in other policy areas by late 2024. Social and political trends in the republic track closely with those of its larger neighbor, Italy.

Geography

Area

Land: 61 sq km
Water: 0 sq km
Total: 61 sq km

Climate: Mediterranean; mild to cool winters; warm, sunny summers
Terrain: rugged mountains

Land Use

Other: 45% (2023 est.)
Forest: 16.7% (2023 est.)
Agricultural land: 38.3% (2023 est.)
Agricultural land: arable land: arable land: 33.1% (2023 est.)
Agricultural land: permanent crops: permanent crops: 5.2% (2023 est.)
Agricultural land: permanent pasture: permanent pasture: 0% (2022 est.)

Location: Southern Europe, an enclave in central Italy
Coastline: 0 km (landlocked)

Elevation

Lowest point: Torrente Ausa 55 m
Highest point: Monte Titano 739 m

Irrigated land: 0 sq km (2022)
Map references: Europe

Land Boundaries

Total: 37 km
Border countries: Italy 37 km

Maritime claims: none (landlocked)
Natural hazards: occasional earthquakes
Geography note: landlocked; an enclave of (completely surrounded by) Italy; smallest independent state in Europe after the Holy See and Monaco; dominated by the Apennine Mountains
Natural resources: building stone
Area comparative: about one-third the size of Washington, D.C.
Geographic coordinates: 43 46 N, 12 25 E

People & Society

Literacy

Male: 99.9% (2022 est.)
Female: 99.9% (2022 est.)
Total population: 99.9% (2022 est.)

Languages

Languages: Italian
Major language sample(s): L'Almanacco dei fatti del mondo, l'indispensabile fonte per le informazioni di base. (Italian)

The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information.

Religions: Roman Catholic

Sex Ratio

At birth: 1.09 male(s)/female
0 14 years: 1.1 male(s)/female
15 64 years: 0.94 male(s)/female
Total population: 0.93 male(s)/female (2024 est.)
65 years and over: 0.83 male(s)/female

Birth rate: 9.04 births/1,000 population (2025 est.)
Death rate: 8.9 deaths/1,000 population (2025 est.)

Median Age

Male: 44.5 years
Total: 46.3 years (2025 est.)
Female: 47.4 years

Population

Male: 17,035
Total: 35,291 (2025 est.)
Female: 18,256

Nationality

Noun: Sammarinese (singular and plural)
Adjective: Sammarinese

Urbanization

Urban population: 97.8% of total population (2023)
Rate of urbanization: 0.41% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)

Age Structure

0 14 years: 14.2% (male 2,614/female 2,387)
15 64 years: 64.3% (male 10,916/female 11,648)
65 years and over: 21.5% (2024 est.) (male 3,414/female 4,116)

Ethnic groups: Sammarinese, Italian

Dependency Ratios

Total dependency ratio: 56.5 (2025 est.)
Youth dependency ratio: 22.2 (2025 est.)
Potential support ratio: 2.9 (2025 est.)
Elderly dependency ratio: 34.3 (2025 est.)

Physician density: 4.63 physicians/1,000 population (2023)

Health Expenditure

Health expenditure (as % of GDP): 8% of GDP (2021)
Health expenditure (as % of national budget): 29.5% of national budget (2022 est.)

Net migration rate: 5.36 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2025 est.)
Total fertility rate: 1.54 children born/woman (2025 est.)

Drinking Water Source

Improved: total: total: 100% of population (2022 est.)
Unimproved: total: total: 0% of population (2022 est.)

Education Expenditure

Education expenditure (% GDP): 2.9% of GDP (2022 est.)
Education expenditure (% national budget): 13% national budget (2023 est.)

Infant Mortality Rate

Male: 7.4 deaths/1,000 live births
Total: 6.1 deaths/1,000 live births (2025 est.)
Female: 5 deaths/1,000 live births

Population growth rate: 0.55% (2025 est.)
Gross reproduction rate: 0.74 (2025 est.)

Life Expectancy at Birth

Male: 81.7 years
Female: 87 years
Total population: 84.2 years (2024 est.)

Maternal mortality ratio: 8 deaths/100,000 live births (2023 est.)

Sanitation Facility Access

Improved: total: total: 100% of population (2022 est.)
Unimproved: total: total: 0% of population (2022 est.)

Major urban areas population: 4,000 SAN MARINO (2018)
Mother's mean age at first birth: 31.9 years (2019)

School Life Expectancy (Primary to Tertiary Education)

Male: 15 years (2015 est.)
Total: 16 years (2015 est.)
Female: 16 years (2015 est.)

Government

Civica · structure

How power is organised

ExecutiveLegislative

Flag: description: two equal horizontal bands of white (top) and light blue, with the national coat of arms in the center; the main colors come from the shield on the coat of arms, which features three white towers on mountain peaks on a blue field; a wreath and a crown are around the shield, above a scroll with the word LIBERTAS (Liberty)

meaning: the towers represent the Guaita, Cesta, and Montale castles on Mount Titano; white and blue are said to stand for peace and liberty

Capital

Name: San Marino (city)
Etymology: named after Saint MARINUS, who founded a monastic settlement on Monte Titano in the early 4th century
Time difference: UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)
Daylight saving time: +1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October
Geographic coordinates: 43 56 N, 12 25 E

Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal

Citizenship

Citizenship BY birth: no
Citizenship BY descent only: at least one parent must be a citizen of San Marino
Dual citizenship recognized: no
Residency requirement for naturalization: 30 years

Constitution

History: San Marino’s principal legislative instruments consist of old customs (antiche consuetudini), the Statutory Laws of San Marino (Leges Statutae Sancti Marini), old statutes (antichi statute) from the1600s, Brief Notes on the Constitutional Order and Institutional Organs of the Republic of San Marino (Brevi Cenni sull’Ordinamento Costituzionale e gli Organi Istituzionali della Repubblica di San Marino) and successive legislation, chief among them is the Declaration of the Rights of Citizens and Fundamental Principles of the San Marino Legal Order (Dichiarazione dei Diritti dei Cittadini e dei Principi Fondamentali dell’Ordinamento Sammarinese), approved 8 July 1974
Amendment process: proposed by the Great and General Council; passage requires two-thirds majority Council vote; Council passage by absolute majority vote also requires passage in a referendum

Country Name

Etymology: named after Saint MARINUS, who founded a monastic settlement on Monte Titano in the early 4th century
Local long form: Repubblica di San Marino
Local short form: San Marino
Conventional long form: Republic of San Marino
Conventional short form: San Marino

Independence: 3 September 301 (traditional founding date)
Legal system: civil law system with Italian civil law influences
Government type: parliamentary republic

Judicial Branch

Note: note: the College of Guarantors for the Constitutionality and General Norms functions as San Marino's constitutional court
Highest court(s): Council of Twelve or Consiglio dei XII (consists of 12 members)
Subordinate courts: first instance and first appeal criminal, administrative, and civil courts; Court for the Trust and Trustee Relations; justices of the peace or conciliatory judges
Judge selection and term of office: judges elected by the Grand and General Council from among its own to serve 5-year terms

Executive Branch

Note: note: the captains regent preside over meetings of the Grand and General Council and its cabinet (Congress of State), which has seven other members who are selected by the Grand and General Council; assisting the captains regent are seven secretaries of state; the secretary of state for Foreign Affairs has some prime ministerial roles
Cabinet: Congress of State elected by the Grand and General Council
Chief of state: co-chiefs of state Captains Regent Matteo ROSSI and Lorenzo BUGLI (for the period 1 October 2025 - 31 March 2026)
Election results: 2025: Denise BRONZETTI (Reformist Alliance) and Italo RIGHI (Christian Democrat) elected captains regent: percent of Grand and General Council vote - NA

2024: Francesca CIVERCHIA (PDCS) and Dalibor RICCARDI (Free San Marino) elected captains regent; percent of Grand and General Council vote - NA

2019: Luca BECCARI (PDCS) elected Secretary of State for Foreign and Political Affairs; percent of Grand and General Council vote - NA
Head of government: Secretary of State for Foreign and Political Affairs Luca BECCARI (since 8 January 2020)
Most recent election date: co-chiefs of state: 1 April 2025

secretary of state: 28 December 2019
Election/appointment process: co-chiefs of state (captains regent) indirectly elected by the Grand and General Council for a single 6-month term; Secretary of State for Foreign and Political Affairs indirectly elected by the Grand and General Council for a single 5-year term
Expected date of next election: co-chiefs of state: September 2025

National holiday: Founding of the Republic (or Feast of Saint Marinus), 3 September (A.D. 301)
National color(s): white, blue

National Heritage

Total world heritage sites: 1 (cultural)
Selected world heritage site locales: San Marino Historic Center and Mount Titano

Political parties: Domani - Modus Liberi or DML
Free San Marino (Libera San Marino) or Libera
Future Republic or RF
Party of Socialists and Democrats or PSD
Reformist Alliance or AR
RETE Movement
Sammarinese Christian Democratic Party or PDCS
Socialist Party or PS
Tomorrow in Movement coalition (includes RETE Movement, DML)

Legislative Branch

Term in office: 5 years
Number of seats: 60 (all directly elected)
Electoral system: proportional representation
Legislature name: Great and General Council (Consiglio grande e generale)
Scope of elections: full renewal
Legislative structure: unicameral
Most recent election date: 6/9/2024
Expected date of next election: June 2029
Percentage of women in chamber: 35%
Parties elected and seats per party: Christian Democratic Party of San Marino (PDCS) (22); Free (Libera) – Socialist Party (PS) (10); Future Republic (RF) (8); Party of Socialists and Democrats (PSD) (8); Tomorrow - Motus Liberi (5); Reformist Alliance (AR) (4); R.E.T.E. Citizens' Movement (3)

National Anthem(s)

Title: "Inno Nazionale della Repubblica" (National Anthem of the Republic)
History: adopted 1894; the music for the anthem, which has no lyrics, is based on a 10th-century chorale piece
Lyrics/music: no lyrics/Federico CONSOLO

National symbol(s): three peaks, each displaying a tower
Administrative divisions: 9 municipalities (castelli, singular - castello); Acquaviva, Borgo Maggiore, Chiesanuova, Domagnano, Faetano, Fiorentino, Montegiardino, San Marino Citta, Serravalle

Diplomatic Representation in the US

Fax: [1] (212) 751-1436
Chancery: 327 E 50th Street, New York, NY 10022
Telephone: [1] (212) 751-1234
Chief of mission: Ambassador Damiano BELEFFI (since 21 July 2017); note - also Permanent Representative to the UN
Email address and website: sanmarinoun@gmail.com

Republic of San Marino Permanent Mission to the United Nations

Diplomatic Representation from the US

Embassy: the United States does not have an Embassy in San Marino; the US Ambassador to Italy is accredited to San Marino, and the US Consulate General in Florence maintains day-to-day ties

International organisations: CE, FAO, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (NGOs), ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM (observer), IPU, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), LAIA (observer), OPCW, OSCE, Schengen Convention (de facto member), UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, Union Latina, UNWTO, UPU, WHO, WIPO
International law organization participation: has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; accepts ICCt jurisdiction

Legislature

SAN MARINO · LEGISLATURE

Great and General Council

60 seats · hover a seat for the party

Total seats

Majority line

Largest party

Christian Democratic Party of San Marino (PDCS)

Parties

All political parties7 parties · 60 seats · click to dim in hemicycle

Leaders

Current

MB
Maria Luisa Berti
- Head of StateDate unknown

Economy

Budget

Note: note: central government revenues (excluding grants) and expenditures converted to US dollars at average official exchange rate for year indicated
Revenues: $841.03 million (2023 est.)
Expenditures: $816.886 million (2023 est.)

Exports

Civica canonical (reconciled): $3.8B

Note: note: balance of payments - exports of goods and services in current dollars
Exports 2020: $2.439 billion (2020 est.)
Exports 2021: $3.23 billion (2021 est.)
Exports 2022: $3.616 billion (2022 est.)

Imports

Civica canonical (reconciled): $3.1B

Note: note: balance of payments - imports of goods and services in current dollars
Imports 2020: $2.232 billion (2020 est.)
Imports 2021: $2.94 billion (2021 est.)
Imports 2022: $3.169 billion (2022 est.)

Industries: tourism, banking, textiles, electronics, ceramics, cement, wine

Public Debt

Civica canonical (reconciled): 99.9%

Note: note: central government debt as a % of GDP
Public debt 2022: 103.2% of GDP (2022 est.)

Remittances

Note: note: personal transfers and compensation between resident and non-resident individuals/households/entities
Remittances 2020: 1.1% of GDP (2020 est.)
Remittances 2021: 1.1% of GDP (2021 est.)
Remittances 2022: 1.2% of GDP (2022 est.)

Exchange Rates

Note: note: while not an EU member state, San Marino, due to its preexisting monetary and banking agreements with Italy, has a 2000 monetary agreement with the EU to produce limited euro coinage—but not banknotes—that began enforcement in January 2002 and was superseded by a new EU agreement in 2012
Currency: euros (EUR) per US dollar -
Exchange rates 2020: 0.877 (2020 est.)
Exchange rates 2021: 0.845 (2021 est.)
Exchange rates 2022: 0.951 (2022 est.)
Exchange rates 2023: 0.925 (2023 est.)
Exchange rates 2024: 0.924 (2024 est.)

Economic overview: high-income, non-EU European economy; surrounded by Italy, which is the dominant importer and exporter; open border to EU and a euro user; strong financial sector; high foreign investments; low taxation; increasingly high and risky debt
Exports partners: Germany 12%, Austria 10%, USA 9%, Romania 8%, Brazil 7% (2023)
Imports partners: Germany 24%, Italy 13%, Netherlands 9%, Spain 9%, Poland 8% (2023)

Real GDP Per Capita

Civica canonical (reconciled): $78,745

Note: note: data in 2021 dollars
Real GDP per capita 2020: $56,000 (2020 est.)
Real GDP per capita 2021: $64,700 (2021 est.)
Real GDP per capita 2022: $70,900 (2022 est.)

Real GDP Growth Rate

Civica canonical (reconciled): 0.4%

Note: note: annual GDP % growth based on constant local currency
Real GDP growth rate 2020: -6.6% (2020 est.)
Real GDP growth rate 2021: 13.9% (2021 est.)
Real GDP growth rate 2022: 7.9% (2022 est.)

Agricultural products: wheat, grapes, corn, olives; cattle, pigs, horses, beef, cheese, hides
Exports commodities: washing and bottling machines, other foods, packaged medicine, woodworking machines, aircraft (2023)
Imports commodities: garments, cars, electricity, animal food, footwear (2023)

Current Account Balance

Civica canonical (reconciled): $445.8M

Note: note: balance of payments - net trade and primary/secondary income in current dollars
Current account balance 2020: $42.98 million (2020 est.)
Current account balance 2021: $100.118 million (2021 est.)
Current account balance 2022: $284.256 million (2022 est.)

Taxes and other revenues: 17.8% (of GDP) (2022 est.)
GDP (official exchange rate): $1.832 billion (2022 est.)

GDP Composition, BY End Use

Note: note: figures may not total 100% due to rounding or gaps in data collection
Household consumption: 35.5% (2022 est.)
Government consumption: 17.1% (2022 est.)
Investment in inventories: 5.2% (2022 est.)
Investment in fixed capital: 17.8% (2022 est.)
Exports of goods and services: 197.4% (2022 est.)
Imports of goods and services: -173% (2022 est.)

Inflation Rate (Consumer Prices)

Civica canonical (reconciled): 1.2%

Note: note: annual % change based on consumer prices
Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2022: 5.3% (2022 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2023: 5.9% (2023 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2024: 1.2% (2024 est.)

Industrial production growth rate: 10.7% (2022 est.)

Real GDP (Purchasing Power Parity)

Civica canonical (reconciled): $2.393 billion (2022 est.)

Note: note: data in 2021 dollars
Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2020: $1.947 billion (2020 est.)
Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2021: $2.218 billion (2021 est.)
Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2022: $2.393 billion (2022 est.)

Reserves of Foreign Exchange and Gold

Note: note: holdings of gold (year-end prices)/foreign exchange/special drawing rights in current dollars
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2021: $954.383 million (2021 est.)
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2022: $716.066 million (2022 est.)
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2023: $836.088 million (2023 est.)

GDP Composition, BY Sector of Origin

Note: note: figures may not total 100% due to non-allocated consumption not captured in sector-reported data
Industry: 37.6% (2022 est.)
Services: 55.1% (2022 est.)
Agriculture: 0% (2022 est.)

Energy

Electricity Access

Electrification total population: 100% (2022 est.)

Communications

Internet Users

Percent of population: 87% (2023 est.)

Broadcast media: state-owned public broadcaster operates 1 TV station and 3 radio stations; receives radio and TV broadcasts from Italy (2019)
Internet country code: .sm

Telephones Fixed Lines

Total subscriptions: 16,000 (2022 est.)
Subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 47 (2022 est.)

Telephones Mobile Cellular

Total subscriptions: 41,000 (2022 est.)
Subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 120 (2022 est.)

Broadband Fixed Subscriptions

Total: 12,000 (2022 est.)
Subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 36 (2022 est.)

Transport

Airports: 1 (2025)
Civil aircraft registration country code prefix: T7

Environment

Climate: Mediterranean; mild to cool winters; warm, sunny summers

Land Use

Other: 45% (2023 est.)
Forest: 16.7% (2023 est.)
Agricultural land: 38.3% (2023 est.)
Agricultural land: arable land: arable land: 33.1% (2023 est.)
Agricultural land: permanent crops: permanent crops: 5.2% (2023 est.)
Agricultural land: permanent pasture: permanent pasture: 0% (2022 est.)

Urbanization

Urban population: 97.8% of total population (2023)
Rate of urbanization: 0.41% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)

Waste and Recycling

Municipal solid waste generated annually: 17,200 tons (2024 est.)
Percent of municipal solid waste recycled: 45.1% (2016 est.)

Environmental issues: air pollution; urbanization decreasing rural farmlands; water shortage
Particulate matter emissions: 9.8 micrograms per cubic meter (2019 est.)

International Environmental Agreements

Party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Whaling
Signed, but not ratified: Air Pollution

Military & Security

Military note: defense is the responsibility of Italy
Military and security forces: San Marino Military Corps (Corpi Militari Sammarinesi; aka Sammarinese Armed Forces or Forze Armate Sammarinesi): Fortress Guard Command (or Guard of the Rock), Uniformed Company of the Militias, Guard of the Great and General Council, Corps of the Gendarmerie

Ministry of Internal Affairs: Civil Police Corps (2025)
Military service age and obligation: 18 is the legal minimum age for voluntary military service; no conscription; government has the authority to call up all San Marino citizens from 16-60 years of age to serve in the military (2025)

Scores & Rankings

ScoreValueGlobal rankTrendAs of

Civica Index81.0 / 100as of 2024-Q418 / 1902024-Q4

Freedom House StatusFree (100/100)as of 2024-Q4—2024-Q4

Press Freedom (RSF)Partly free (50/100)as of 2024—2024

Cite this page

Cite this pageAPA · BibTeX · Chicago · JSON

Civica. (2026). Civica Atlas — San Marino — vintage 2026-Q1: San Marino factbook. Civica Atlas. Retrieved May 7, 2026, from https://civicaatlas.org/factbook/san-marino

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Sources: FAO FAOSTAT, IMF (WEO), UN Statistics Division, UNDP HDR, UNESCO Institute for Statistics, WHO Global Health Observatory, World Bank, CIA World Factbook, Wikidata

San Marino

Area

Land Use

Elevation

Land Boundaries

Literacy

Languages

Sex Ratio

Median Age

Population

Nationality

Urbanization

Age Structure

Dependency Ratios

Health Expenditure

Drinking Water Source

Education Expenditure

Infant Mortality Rate

Life Expectancy at Birth

Sanitation Facility Access

School Life Expectancy (Primary to Tertiary Education)

How power is organised

Capital

Citizenship

Constitution

Country Name

Judicial Branch

Executive Branch

National Heritage

Legislative Branch

National Anthem(s)

Diplomatic Representation in the US

Diplomatic Representation from the US

Great and General Council

Current

Maria Luisa Berti

Budget

Exports

Imports

Public Debt

Remittances

Exchange Rates

Real GDP Per Capita

Real GDP Growth Rate

Current Account Balance

GDP Composition, BY End Use

Inflation Rate (Consumer Prices)

Real GDP (Purchasing Power Parity)

Reserves of Foreign Exchange and Gold

GDP Composition, BY Sector of Origin

Electricity Access

Internet Users

Telephones Fixed Lines

Telephones Mobile Cellular

Broadband Fixed Subscriptions

Land Use

Urbanization

Waste and Recycling

International Environmental Agreements

Cite this page