Slovakia

Parliamentary RepublicPop5.4MGDP (PPP)$218.8BCI66Beta CP0.0→Beta

Some figures reconciled across multiple sources via Civica's methodology (v0.2 BETA). Methodology →

Slovakia

⌘K

Overview

Background: Slovakia traces its roots to the 9th century state of Great Moravia. The Slovaks then became part of the Hungarian Kingdom, where they remained for the next 1,000 years. After the formation of the dual Austro-Hungarian monarchy in 1867, language and education policies favoring the use of Hungarian (known as "Magyarization") led to a public backlash that boosted Slovak nationalism and strengthened Slovak cultural ties with the closely related Czechs, who fell administratively under the Austrian half of the empire. When the Austro-Hungarian Empire dissolved at the end of World War I, the Slovaks joined the Czechs to form Czechoslovakia. During the interwar period, Slovak nationalist leaders pushed for autonomy within Czechoslovakia, and in 1939, in the wake of Germany's annexation of the Sudetenland, the newly established Slovak Republic became a German client state for the remainder of World War II.

After World War II, Czechoslovakia was reconstituted and came under communist rule within Soviet-dominated Eastern Europe. In 1968, Warsaw Pact troops invaded and ended the efforts of Czechoslovakia's leaders to liberalize communist rule and create "socialism with a human face," ushering in a period of repression known as "normalization." The peaceful Velvet Revolution swept the Communist Party from power at the end of 1989 and inaugurated a return to democratic rule and a market economy. On 1 January 1993, Czechoslovakia underwent a nonviolent "velvet divorce" into its two national components, Slovakia and the Czech Republic. Slovakia joined both NATO and the EU in 2004 and the euro zone in 2009.

Geography

Area

Land: 48,105 sq km
Water: 930 sq km
Total: 49,035 sq km

Climate: temperate; cool summers; cold, cloudy, humid winters
Terrain: rugged mountains in the central and northern part and lowlands in the south

Land Use

Other: 21.4% (2023 est.)
Forest: 40.3% (2023 est.)
Agricultural land: 38% (2023 est.)
Agricultural land: arable land: arable land: 27.2% (2023 est.)
Agricultural land: permanent crops: permanent crops: 0.4% (2023 est.)
Agricultural land: permanent pasture: permanent pasture: 10.4% (2023 est.)

Location: Central Europe, south of Poland
Coastline: 0 km (landlocked)

Elevation

Lowest point: Bodrok River 94 m
Highest point: Gerlachovsky Stit 2,655 m
Mean elevation: 458 m

Irrigated land: 259 sq km (2022)
Map references: Europe

Land Boundaries

Total: 1,587 km
Border countries: Austria 105 km; Czechia 241 km; Hungary 627 km; Poland 517 km; Ukraine 97 km

Maritime claims: none (landlocked)
Natural hazards: flooding
Geography note: landlocked; most of the country is rugged and mountainous; the Tatra Mountains in the north are interspersed with many scenic lakes and valleys
Natural resources: lignite, small amounts of iron ore, copper and manganese ore; salt; arable land
Area comparative: about 1.5 times the size of Maryland; about twice the size of New Hampshire
Geographic coordinates: 48 40 N, 19 30 E
Population distribution: a fairly even distribution throughout most of the country; slightly larger concentration in the west in proximity to the Czech border

Major Watersheds (Area Sq Km)

Atlantic ocean drainage: (Black Sea) Danube (795,656 sq km)

Major rivers (BY length in km): Dunaj (Danube) (shared with Germany [s], Austria, Hungary, Croatia, Serbia, Bulgaria, Ukraine, Moldova, and Romania [m]) - 2,888 km

note – [s] after country name indicates river source; [m] after country name indicates river mouth

People & Society

Languages

Languages: Slovak (official) 81.8%, Hungarian 8.5%, Roma 1.8%, other 2.2%, unspecified 5.7% (2021 est.)
Major language sample(s): Svetova Kniha Faktov, nenahraditelny zdroj zakladnej informacie. (Slovak)

The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information.

Religions: Roman Catholic 55.8%, Evangelical Church of the Augsburg Confession 5.3%, Greek Catholic 4%, Reformed Christian 1.6%, other 3%, none 23.8%, unspecified 6.5% (2021 est.)

Sex Ratio

At birth: 1.07 male(s)/female
0 14 years: 1.09 male(s)/female
15 64 years: 0.98 male(s)/female
Total population: 0.93 male(s)/female (2024 est.)
65 years and over: 0.67 male(s)/female

Birth rate: 9.77 births/1,000 population (2025 est.)
Death rate: 11.18 deaths/1,000 population (2025 est.)

Median Age

Male: 41.3 years
Total: 43.1 years (2025 est.)
Female: 44.4 years

Population

Male: 2,684,747
Total: 5,563,649 (2024 est.)
Female: 2,878,902

Nationality

Noun: Slovak(s)
Adjective: Slovak

Tobacco Use

Male: 34.5% (2025 est.)
Total: 30.3% (2025 est.)
Female: 26.3% (2025 est.)

Urbanization

Urban population: 54% of total population (2023)
Rate of urbanization: 0.17% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)

Age Structure

0 14 years: 15.3% (male 444,033/female 408,902)
15 64 years: 66.5% (male 1,834,359/female 1,867,158)
65 years and over: 18.1% (2024 est.) (male 406,355/female 602,842)

Ethnic groups: Slovak 83.8%, Hungarian 7.8%, Romani 1.2%, other 1.8% (includes Czech, Ruthenian, Ukrainian, Russian, German, Polish), unspecified 5.4% (2021 est.)

Dependency Ratios

Total dependency ratio: 50.3 (2024 est.)
Youth dependency ratio: 23 (2024 est.)
Potential support ratio: 3.7 (2024 est.)
Elderly dependency ratio: 27.3 (2024 est.)

Physician density: 3.7 physicians/1,000 population (2022)

Health Expenditure

Health expenditure (as % of GDP): 7.8% of GDP (2021)
Health expenditure (as % of national budget): 14.6% of national budget (2022 est.)

Net migration rate: 0.7 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2025 est.)
Hospital bed density: 5.7 beds/1,000 population (2020 est.)
Total fertility rate: 1.6 children born/woman (2025 est.)

Drinking Water Source

Improved: rural: rural: 100% of population (2022 est.)
Improved: total: total: 99.8% of population (2022 est.)
Improved: urban: urban: 99.6% of population (2022 est.)
Unimproved: rural: rural: 0% of population (2022 est.)
Unimproved: total: total: 0.2% of population (2022 est.)
Unimproved: urban: urban: 0.4% of population (2022 est.)

Education Expenditure

Education expenditure (% GDP): 4.7% of GDP (2022 est.)
Education expenditure (% national budget): 11% national budget (2022 est.)

Infant Mortality Rate

Male: 5.7 deaths/1,000 live births
Total: 5 deaths/1,000 live births (2025 est.)
Female: 4.5 deaths/1,000 live births

Population growth rate: -0.07% (2025 est.)
Gross reproduction rate: 0.77 (2025 est.)
Population distribution: a fairly even distribution throughout most of the country; slightly larger concentration in the west in proximity to the Czech border

Life Expectancy at Birth

Male: 73.7 years
Female: 81 years
Total population: 77.2 years (2024 est.)

Maternal mortality ratio: 4 deaths/100,000 live births (2023 est.)

Sanitation Facility Access

Improved: rural: rural: 100% of population (2022 est.)
Improved: total: total: 100% of population (2022 est.)
Improved: urban: urban: 99.9% of population (2022 est.)
Unimproved: rural: rural: 0% of population (2022 est.)
Unimproved: total: total: 0% of population (2022 est.)
Unimproved: urban: urban: 0.1% of population (2022 est.)

Alcohol Consumption Per Capita

Beer: 4.14 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
Wine: 2.01 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
Total: 10.3 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
Spirits: 4.14 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
Other alcohols: 0 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

Major urban areas population: 441,000 BRATISLAVA (capital) (2023)
Obesity adult prevalence rate: 20.5% (2016)
Mother's mean age at first birth: 27.2 years (2020 est.)
Currently married women (ages 15 49): 49.2% (2023 est.)

School Life Expectancy (Primary to Tertiary Education)

Male: 15 years (2023 est.)
Total: 15 years (2023 est.)
Female: 16 years (2023 est.)

Government

Civica · structure

How power is organised

ExecutiveLegislative

Flag: description: three equal horizontal bands of white (top), blue, and red; the national coat of arms (a red shield bordered in white, with a white double-barred cross of St. Cyril and St. Methodius on top of three blue hills) is centered over the bands but offset to the left

meaning: white, blue, and red are the pan-Slav colors

Capital

Name: Bratislava
Etymology: the meaning is unclear but has medieval Slavic origins; the name was adopted in 1919 after Czechoslovakia gained its independence, replacing the name Pre&scaron;porok
Time difference: UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)
Daylight saving time: +1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October
Geographic coordinates: 48 09 N, 17 07 E

Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal

Citizenship

Citizenship BY birth: no
Citizenship BY descent only: at least one parent must be a citizen of Slovakia
Dual citizenship recognized: no
Residency requirement for naturalization: 5 years

Constitution

History: several previous (pre-independence); latest passed by the National Council 1 September 1992, signed 3 September 1992, effective 1 October 1992
Amendment process: proposed by the National Council; passage requires at least three-fifths majority vote of Council members

Country Name

Etymology: the country takes its name from the local Slav ethnic group; the origin of the group's name is unclear, although early forms were used in Medieval Latin (Sclavus) and Byzantine Greek (Sklabos)
Local long form: Slovenska republika
Local short form: Slovensko
Conventional long form: Slovak Republic
Conventional short form: Slovakia

Independence: 1 January 1993 (Czechoslovakia split into the Czech Republic and Slovakia)
Legal system: civil law system based on Austro-Hungarian codes
Government type: parliamentary republic

Judicial Branch

Highest court(s): Supreme Court of the Slovak Republic (consists of the court president, vice president, and approximately 80 judges organized into criminal, civil, commercial, and administrative divisions with 3- and 5-judge panels); Constitutional Court of the Slovak Republic (consists of 13 judges organized into 3-judge panels)
Subordinate courts: regional and district civil courts; Special Criminal Court; Higher Military Court; military district courts; Court of Audit
Judge selection and term of office: Supreme Court judge candidates nominated by the Judicial Council of the Slovak Republic, an 18-member self-governing body that includes the Supreme Court chief justice and presidential, governmental, parliamentary, and judiciary appointees; judges appointed by the president serve for life, subject to removal by the president at age 65; Constitutional Court judges nominated by the National Council of the Republic and appointed by the president; judges serve 12-year terms

Executive Branch

Cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president on the recommendation of the prime minister
Chief of state: President Peter PELLEGRINI (since 15 June 2024)
Election results: 2024: Peter PELLEGRINI elected president in the second round; percent of vote in second round Peter PELLEGRINI 53.1%; Ivan KORCOK 46.9%; percent of vote in first round - Ivan KORCOK (independent) 42.5%; Peter PELLEGRINI (Hlas-SD) 37%; Stefan HARABIN (independent) 11.7%, other 8.8%;

2019: Zuzana CAPUTOVA elected president in second round; percent of vote - Zuzana CAPUTOVA (PS) 58.4%, Maros SEFCOVIC (independent) 41.6%
Head of government: Prime Minister Robert FICO (since 25 October 2023)
Most recent election date: 23 March 2024, with a runoff on 6 April 2024
Election/appointment process: president directly elected by absolute-majority popular vote in 2 rounds, if needed, for a 5-year term (eligible for a second term); following National Council elections, the president designates a prime minister candidate, usually the leader of the party or coalition that wins the most votes, who must win a vote of confidence in the National Council
Expected date of next election: 2029

National holiday: Constitution Day, 1 September (1992)
National color(s): white, blue, red

National Heritage

Total world heritage sites: 8 (6 cultural, 2 natural)
Selected world heritage site locales: Historic Town of Banská Štiavnica (c); Levoča, Spišský Hrad, and the Associated Cultural Monuments (c); Vlkolínec (c); Caves of Aggtelek Karst and Slovak Karst (n); Bardejov Town (c); Ancient and Primeval Beech Forests of the Carpathians (n); Wooden Churches of the Slovak Carpathians (c); Frontiers of the Roman Empire - The Danube Limes (Western Segment) (c)

Political parties: Direction - Social Democracy or SMER-SD
Freedom and Solidarity or SaS
Progressive Slovakia or PS
Republic
Slovakia
The Slovak National Party or SNS
The Christian Democratic Movement or KDH
Voice - Social Democracy or HLAS-SD

Legislative Branch

Chamber name: National Council (Národná rada)
Term in office: 4 years
Number of seats: 150 (all directly elected)
Electoral system: proportional representation
Legislature name: National Council (Narodna rada Slovenskej republiky)
Scope of elections: full renewal
Legislative structure: unicameral
Most recent election date: 9/30/2023
Expected date of next election: September 2027
Percentage of women in chamber: 23.3%
Parties elected and seats per party: Smer - Social Democracy (Smer-SD) (42); Progressive Slovakia (PS) (32); Hlas (“Voice”) - SD (27); Coalition OĽaNO and Friends, 'For the People' and 'Christian Union' (16); Christian Democratic Movement (KDH) (12); Freedom and Solidarity (SaS) (11); Slovak National Party (SNS) (10)

National Anthem(s)

Title: "Nad Tatrou sa blyska" (Storm Over the Tatras)
History: adopted 1993;  music based on an 1843 Slovak folk song "Kopala studienku" (She Was Digging a Well)
Lyrics/music: Janko MATUSKA/traditional

National symbol(s): double-barred cross (Cross of St. Cyril and St. Methodius) over three peaks
Administrative divisions: 8 regions (kraje, singular - kraj); Banska Bystrica, Bratislava, Kosice, Nitra, Presov, Trencin, Trnava, Zilina

Diplomatic Representation in the US

Fax: [1] (202) 237-6438
Chancery: 3523 International Court NW, Washington, DC 20008
Telephone: [1] (202) 237-1054
Chief of mission: Ambassador Andrej DROBA (since 16 December 2025)
Consulate(s) general: New York
Email address and website: emb.washington@mzv.sk

https://www.mzv.sk/web/washington-en

Diplomatic Representation from the US

Fax: [421] (2) 5441-8861
Embassy: P.O. Box 309, 814 99 Bratislava
Telephone: [421] (2) 5443-3338
Mailing address: 5840 Bratislava Place, Washington DC  20521-5840
Chief of mission: Ambassador Gautam A. RANA (since 28 September 2022)
Email address and website: consulbratislava@state.gov

https://sk.usembassy.gov/

International organisations: Australia Group, BIS, BSEC (observer), CBSS (observer), CD, CE, CEI, CERN, EAPC, EBRD, ECB, EIB, EMU, EU, FAO, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICRM, IDA, IEA, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, NATO, NEA, NSG, OAS (observer), OECD, OIF (observer), OPCW, OSCE, PCA, Schengen Convention, SELEC (observer), UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNFICYP, UNIDO, UNOOSA, UNTSO, UNWTO, UPU, Wassenaar Arrangement, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC
International law organization participation: accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction with reservations; accepts ICCt jurisdiction

Legislature

SLOVAKIA · LEGISLATURE

National Council

150 seats · hover a seat for the party

Total seats

150

Majority line

Largest party

Direction – Social Democracy

Parties

All political parties9 parties · 150 seats · click to dim in hemicycle

Leaders

Current

PP
Peter Pellegrini
- Head of StateSince 2024
RF
Robert Fico
- Head of GovernmentSince 2023

Economy

Budget

Note: note: central government revenues (excluding grants) and expenses converted to US dollars at average official exchange rate for year indicated
Revenues: $43.882 billion (2022 est.)
Expenditures: $46.056 billion (2022 est.)

Exports

Civica canonical (reconciled): $120.5B

Note: note: balance of payments - exports of goods and services in current dollars
Exports 2022: $114.519 billion (2022 est.)
Exports 2023: $122.04 billion (2023 est.)
Exports 2024: $120.355 billion (2024 est.)

Imports

Civica canonical (reconciled): $120.8B

Note: note: balance of payments - imports of goods and services in current dollars
Imports 2022: $121.473 billion (2022 est.)
Imports 2023: $119.739 billion (2023 est.)
Imports 2024: $120.29 billion (2024 est.)

Industries: automobiles; metal and metal products; electricity, gas, coke, oil, nuclear fuel; chemicals, synthetic fibers, wood and paper products; machinery; earthenware and ceramics; textiles; electrical and optical apparatus; rubber products; food and beverages; pharmaceutical
Labor force: 2.779 million (2024 est.)

Public Debt

Civica canonical (reconciled): 61.4%

Note: note: central government debt as a % of GDP
Public debt 2022: 64.3% of GDP (2022 est.)

Remittances

Note: note: personal transfers and compensation between resident and non-resident individuals/households/entities
Remittances 2022: 2% of GDP (2022 est.)
Remittances 2023: 2% of GDP (2023 est.)
Remittances 2024: 1.9% of GDP (2024 est.)

Exchange Rates

Currency: euros (EUR) per US dollar -
Exchange rates 2020: 0.876 (2020 est.)
Exchange rates 2021: 0.845 (2021 est.)
Exchange rates 2022: 0.95 (2022 est.)
Exchange rates 2023: 0.925 (2023 est.)
Exchange rates 2024: 0.924 (2024 est.)

Economic overview: high-income EU and eurozone economy; manufacturing and exports led by automotive sector; growth supported by private consumption and public investment from EU funds, tempered by trade risks; increased taxes and withdrawal of energy subsidies contributing to rising but manageable inflation; strong labor demand and influx of foreign labor offsets aging workforce

Unemployment Rate

Civica canonical (reconciled): 5.4%

Note: note: % of labor force seeking employment
Unemployment rate 2022: 6.2% (2022 est.)
Unemployment rate 2023: 5.9% (2023 est.)
Unemployment rate 2024: 5.3% (2024 est.)

Exports partners: Germany 20%, Czechia 10%, Hungary 7%, USA 6%, Poland 6% (2023)
Imports partners: Germany 16%, Czechia 14%, Poland 8%, China 7%, Hungary 6% (2023)

Real GDP Per Capita

Civica canonical (reconciled): $48,132

Note: note: data in 2021 dollars
Real GDP per capita 2022: $38,600 (2022 est.)
Real GDP per capita 2023: $39,500 (2023 est.)
Real GDP per capita 2024: $40,300 (2024 est.)

Real GDP Growth Rate

Civica canonical (reconciled): 0.8%

Note: note: annual GDP % growth based on constant local currency
Real GDP growth rate 2022: 0.4% (2022 est.)
Real GDP growth rate 2023: 2.2% (2023 est.)
Real GDP growth rate 2024: 2.1% (2024 est.)

Agricultural products: wheat, sugar beets, maize, milk, barley, rapeseed, sunflower seeds, potatoes, soybeans, pork (2023)
Exports commodities: cars, vehicle parts/accessories, video displays, broadcasting equipment, refined petroleum (2023)
Imports commodities: vehicle parts/accessories, broadcasting equipment, cars, plastic products, insulated wire (2023)

Current Account Balance

Civica canonical (reconciled): -$6.5B

Note: note: balance of payments - net trade and primary/secondary income in current dollars
Current account balance 2022: -$11.126 billion (2022 est.)
Current account balance 2023: -$1.169 billion (2023 est.)
Current account balance 2024: -$3.895 billion (2024 est.)

Taxes and other revenues: 19.4% (of GDP) (2022 est.)
GDP (official exchange rate): $141.776 billion (2024 est.)

GDP Composition, BY End Use

Note: note: figures may not total 100% due to rounding or gaps in data collection
Household consumption: 58.4% (2023 est.)
Government consumption: 20% (2023 est.)
Investment in inventories: -1.3% (2023 est.)
Investment in fixed capital: 21.1% (2023 est.)
Exports of goods and services: 91.3% (2023 est.)
Imports of goods and services: -89.8% (2023 est.)

Population below poverty line: 13.7% (2021 est.)

Average Household Expenditures

On food: 19.4% of household expenditures (2023 est.)
On alcohol and tobacco: 4.9% of household expenditures (2023 est.)

Inflation Rate (Consumer Prices)

Civica canonical (reconciled): 4.2%

Note: note: annual % change based on consumer prices
Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2022: 12.8% (2022 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2023: 10.5% (2023 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2024: 2.8% (2024 est.)

Industrial production growth rate: 0.3% (2024 est.)

Real GDP (Purchasing Power Parity)

Civica canonical (reconciled): $218.762 billion (2024 est.)

Note: note: data in 2021 dollars
Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2022: $209.794 billion (2022 est.)
Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2023: $214.343 billion (2023 est.)
Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2024: $218.762 billion (2024 est.)

Youth Unemployment Rate (Ages 15 24)

Male: 20.1% (2024 est.)
Note: note: % of labor force ages 15-24 seeking employment
Total: 18.2% (2024 est.)
Female: 15% (2024 est.)

Reserves of Foreign Exchange and Gold

Note: note: holdings of gold (year-end prices)/foreign exchange/special drawing rights in current dollars
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2022: $10.28 billion (2022 est.)
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2023: $11.288 billion (2023 est.)
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2024: $14.452 billion (2024 est.)

GDP Composition, BY Sector of Origin

Note: note: figures may not total 100% due to non-allocated consumption not captured in sector-reported data
Industry: 28.5% (2024 est.)
Services: 60% (2024 est.)
Agriculture: 2% (2024 est.)

Note: note: % share of income accruing to lowest and highest 10% of population
Lowest 10%: 2.8% (2022 est.)
Highest 10%: 18.2% (2022 est.)

Gini Index Coefficient Distribution of Family Income

Note: note: index (0-100) of income distribution; higher values represent greater inequality
Gini index coefficient distribution of family income 2022: 24.1 (2022 est.)

Energy

Coal

Exports: 13,000 metric tons (2023 est.)
Imports: 3.658 million metric tons (2023 est.)
Production: 2.315 million metric tons (2023 est.)
Consumption: 6.066 million metric tons (2023 est.)
Proven reserves: 19 million metric tons (2023 est.)

Petroleum

Total petroleum production: 7,000 bbl/day (2023 est.)
Crude oil estimated reserves: 9 million barrels (2021 est.)
Refined petroleum consumption: 90,000 bbl/day (2024 est.)

Electricity

Exports: 14.078 billion kWh (2023 est.)
Imports: 10.671 billion kWh (2023 est.)
Consumption: 24.18 billion kWh (2023 est.)
Installed generating capacity: 8.138 million kW (2023 est.)
Transmission/distribution losses: 1.233 billion kWh (2023 est.)

Natural Gas

Imports: 4.56 billion cubic meters (2023 est.)
Production: 46.585 million cubic meters (2023 est.)
Consumption: 4.277 billion cubic meters (2023 est.)
Proven reserves: 14.158 billion cubic meters (2021 est.)

Nuclear Energy

Number of operational nuclear reactors: 5 (2025)
Percent of total electricity production: 61.3% (2023 est.)
Net capacity of operational nuclear reactors: 2.3GW (2025 est.)
Number of nuclear reactors under construction: 1 (2025)
Number of nuclear reactors permanently shut down: 3 (2025)

Electricity Access

Electrification total population: 100% (2022 est.)

Energy Consumption Per Capita

Total energy consumption per capita 2023: 127.582 million Btu/person (2023 est.)

Electricity Generation Sources

Solar: 2.1% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
Nuclear: 63.7% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
Fossil fuels: 14.4% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
Hydroelectricity: 13.9% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
Biomass and waste: 5.9% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)

Communications

Internet Users

Percent of population: 90% (2024 est.)

Broadcast media: state-owned public broadcaster, Radio and Television of Slovakia (RTVS), has 2 national TV stations; roughly 50 privately owned national, regional, and local TV stations; about 40% of households connected to multi-channel cable or satellite TV; multiple RTVS national and regional radio networks; 32 privately owned radio stations
Internet country code: .sk

Telephones Fixed Lines

Total subscriptions: 505,000 (2023 est.)
Subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 9 (2023 est.)

Telephones Mobile Cellular

Total subscriptions: 7.63 million (2023 est.)
Subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 132 (2022 est.)

Broadband Fixed Subscriptions

Total: 1.83 million (2023 est.)
Subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 33 (2023 est.)

Transport

Airports: 116 (2025)

Railways

Total: 3,627 km (2020) 1,585 km electrified

Heliports: 2 (2025)
Civil aircraft registration country code prefix: OM

Environment

Climate: temperate; cool summers; cold, cloudy, humid winters

Geoparks

Global geoparks and regional networks: Novohrad-Nógrád (includes Hungary) (2023)
Total global geoparks and regional networks: 1

Land Use

Other: 21.4% (2023 est.)
Forest: 40.3% (2023 est.)
Agricultural land: 38% (2023 est.)
Agricultural land: arable land: arable land: 27.2% (2023 est.)
Agricultural land: permanent crops: permanent crops: 0.4% (2023 est.)
Agricultural land: permanent pasture: permanent pasture: 10.4% (2023 est.)

Urbanization

Urban population: 54% of total population (2023)
Rate of urbanization: 0.17% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)

Waste and Recycling

Municipal solid waste generated annually: 2.296 million tons (2024 est.)
Percent of municipal solid waste recycled: 13.2% (2022 est.)

Environmental issues: air pollution and acid rain; land erosion from agricultural and mining practices; water pollution

Total Water Withdrawal

Municipal: 306.21 million cubic meters (2022)
Industrial: 224.562 million cubic meters (2022)
Agricultural: 32.851 million cubic meters (2022)

Carbon Dioxide Emissions

Total emissions: 30.087 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)
From consumed natural gas: 8.368 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)
From coal and metallurgical coke: 9.607 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)
From petroleum and other liquids: 12.112 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)

Particulate matter emissions: 16.6 micrograms per cubic meter (2019 est.)
Total renewable water resources: 50.1 billion cubic meters (2022 est.)

International Environmental Agreements

Party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Heavy Metals, Air Pollution-Multi-effect Protocol, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulphur 85, Air Pollution-Sulphur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 2006, Wetlands, Whaling
Signed, but not ratified: Antarctic-Environmental Protection

Military & Security

Military note: the Slovak military is responsible for external defense and fulfilling Slovakia’s commitments to European and international security; Slovakia has been a member of both the EU and NATO since 2004; a key focus of the Slovak military is fulfilling the country’s security responsibilities to NATO, including modernizing and acquiring NATO-compatible equipment, participating in training exercises, and providing forces for security missions such as NATO’s Enhanced Forward Presence in the Baltic States; since 2022, Slovakia has hosted a multinational NATO ground force battlegroup as part of the NATO effort to boost the defenses of Eastern Europe since the Russian invasion of Ukraine; Slovakia also contributes to EU and UN peacekeeping missions

the Slovak Air Force has only a handful of fighter aircraft and is assisted by NATO’s air policing mission over Slovakia, which includes fighter aircraft from Czechia and Poland; in 2022, Slovakia signed a defense agreement with the US that allows the US to use two Slovak military air bases (2025)
Military deployments: 200 Cyprus (UNFICYP); up to 150 Latvia (NATO)  (2025)

Military Expenditures

Civica canonical (reconciled): 2% of GDP (2025 est.)

Military expenditures 2021: 1.7% of GDP (2021 est.)
Military expenditures 2022: 1.8% of GDP (2022 est.)
Military expenditures 2023: 1.8% of GDP (2023 est.)
Military expenditures 2024: 2% of GDP (2024 est.)
Military expenditures 2025: 2% of GDP (2025 est.)

Military and security forces: Armed Forces of the Slovak Republic (Ozbrojene Sily Slovenskej Republiky): Ground Forces (Slovenské Pozemné Sily), Air Forces (Slovenské Vzdušné Sily), Special Operations Forces (Sily Pre Speciálne Operácie)

Ministry of Interior: Slovak Police Force (SPF or Policajný Zbor) (2025)
Military service age and obligation: minimum age is 18 for voluntary service for men and women; citizens 18-65 can volunteer for the military reserves (2026)
Military equipment inventories and acquisitions: the military's inventory is a mix of domestically produced, Soviet-era, and more modern/NATO-compatible armaments from suppliers such as Germany and the US (2025)
Military and security service personnel strengths: approximately 17,000 active-duty military personnel (2025)

Transnational Issues

Refugees and Internally Displaced Persons

Refugees: 144,349 (2024 est.)
Stateless persons: 65 (2024 est.)

Scores & Rankings

ScoreValueGlobal rankTrendAs of

Civica Index66.0 / 100as of 2024-Q454 / 1902024-Q4

V-Dem Liberal Democracy0.58as of 2024-Q446 / 1702024-Q4

Freedom House StatusFree (100/100)as of 2024-Q4—2024-Q4

Press Freedom (RSF)Partly free (50/100)as of 2024—2024

Cite this page

Cite this pageAPA · BibTeX · Chicago · JSON

Civica. (2026). Civica Atlas — Slovakia — vintage 2026-Q1: Slovakia factbook. Civica Atlas. Retrieved May 7, 2026, from https://civicaatlas.org/factbook/slovakia

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Sources: Eurostat, FAO FAOSTAT, ILO ILOSTAT, IMF (WEO), OECD.Stat, UN Statistics Division, UNDP HDR, UNESCO Institute for Statistics, V-Dem, WHO Global Health Observatory, World Bank, WTO Stats, CIA World Factbook, Wikidata

Slovakia

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Peter Pellegrini

Robert Fico

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