Romania

Semi-Presidential RepublicPop19.1MGDP (PPP)$774.4BCI57Beta CP−1.5↓Beta

Some figures reconciled across multiple sources via Civica's methodology (v0.2 BETA). Methodology →

Romania

⌘K

Overview

Background: The principalities of Wallachia and Moldavia -- for centuries under the control of the Turkish Ottoman Empire -- secured their autonomy through the Treaty of Paris in 1856. They were de facto linked in 1859 and formally united in 1862 under the new name of Romania. The country joined the Allied Powers in World War I and subsequently acquired new territories -- most notably Transylvania -- that more than doubled its size. In 1940, Romania allied with the Axis powers and participated in the 1941 German invasion of the USSR. Three years later, overrun by the Soviets, Romania signed an armistice. The post-war Soviet occupation led to the formation of a communist "people's republic" in 1947 and the abdication of the king. The decades-long rule of dictator Nicolae CEAUSESCU, who took power in 1965, and his Securitate police state became increasingly oppressive and draconian through the 1980s. CEAUSESCU was overthrown and executed in late 1989. Former communists dominated the government until 1996 when they were swept from power. Romania joined NATO in 2004, the EU in 2007, and the Schengen Area for air and sea travel in 2024.

Geography

Area

Land: 229,891 sq km
Water: 8,500 sq km
Total: 238,391 sq km

Climate: temperate; cold, cloudy winters with frequent snow and fog; sunny summers with frequent showers and thunderstorms
Terrain: central Transylvanian Basin is separated from the Moldavian Plateau on the east by the Eastern Carpathian Mountains and separated from the Walachian Plain on the south by the Transylvanian Alps

Land Use

Other: 14.5% (2023 est.)
Forest: 30.2% (2023 est.)
Agricultural land: 55.3% (2023 est.)
Agricultural land: arable land: arable land: 36.5% (2023 est.)
Agricultural land: permanent crops: permanent crops: 1.8% (2023 est.)
Agricultural land: permanent pasture: permanent pasture: 17% (2023 est.)

Location: Southeastern Europe, bordering the Black Sea, between Bulgaria and Ukraine
Coastline: 225 km

Elevation

Lowest point: Black Sea 0 m
Highest point: Moldoveanu 2,544 m
Mean elevation: 414 m

Irrigated land: 5,280 sq km (2022)
Map references: Europe

Land Boundaries

Total: 2,844 km
Border countries: Bulgaria 605 km; Hungary 424 km; Moldova 683 km; Serbia 531 km; Ukraine 601 km

Maritime Claims

Contiguous zone: 24 nm
Territorial sea: 12 nm
Continental shelf: 200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation
Exclusive economic zone: 200 nm

Natural hazards: earthquakes, most severe in south and southwest; geologic structure and climate promote landslides
Geography note: controls the most easily traversable land route between the Balkans, Moldova, and Ukraine; the Carpathian Mountains dominate the center of the country, and the Danube River forms much of the southern boundary with Serbia and Bulgaria
Natural resources: petroleum (reserves declining), timber, natural gas, coal, iron ore, salt, arable land, hydropower
Area comparative: twice the size of Pennsylvania; slightly smaller than Oregon
Geographic coordinates: 46 00 N, 25 00 E
Population distribution: urbanization is not particularly high, and the population distribution is fairly even throughout most of the country, with urban areas attracting larger and denser populations

Major Watersheds (Area Sq Km)

Atlantic ocean drainage: (Black Sea) Danube (795,656 sq km)

Major rivers (BY length in km): Dunărea (Danube) river mouth (shared with Germany [s], Austria, Slovakia, Hungary, Croatia, Serbia, Bulgaria, Moldova, and Ukraine) - 2,888 km

note: [s] after country name indicates river source; [m] after country name indicates river mouth

People & Society

Literacy

Male: 99% (2021 est.)
Female: 99.3% (2021 est.)
Total population: 99.2% (2021 est.)

Languages

Note: note: data represent individuals who declared a maternal language in the 2021 national census; 13.1% did not respond
Languages: Romanian (official) 91.6%, Hungarian 6.3%, Romani 1.2%, other 0.7% (2021 est.)
Major language sample(s): Cartea informativa a lumii, sursa indispensabila pentru informatii de baza. (Romanian)

The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information.

Religions: Romanian Orthodox 85.3%, Roman Catholic 4.5%, Reformed 3%, Pentecostal 2.5%, other 4.7% (2021 est.)

Sex Ratio

At birth: 1.06 male(s)/female
0 14 years: 1.06 male(s)/female
15 64 years: 1 male(s)/female
Total population: 0.93 male(s)/female (2024 est.)
65 years and over: 0.7 male(s)/female

Birth rate: 8.45 births/1,000 population (2025 est.)
Death rate: 14.28 deaths/1,000 population (2025 est.)

Median Age

Male: 44 years
Total: 45.8 years (2025 est.)
Female: 46.9 years

Population

Male: 8,747,795
Total: 18,148,155 (2024 est.)
Female: 9,400,360

Nationality

Noun: Romanian(s)
Adjective: Romanian

Tobacco Use

Male: 36.2% (2025 est.)
Total: 26.7% (2025 est.)
Female: 17.9% (2025 est.)

Urbanization

Urban population: 54.7% of total population (2023)
Rate of urbanization: -0.15% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)

Age Structure

0 14 years: 15.4% (male 1,441,359/female 1,362,304)
15 64 years: 62% (male 5,618,366/female 5,632,718)
65 years and over: 22.6% (2024 est.) (male 1,688,070/female 2,405,338)

Ethnic groups: Romanian 89.3%, Hungarian 6%, Romani 3.4%, Ukrainian 0.3%, German 0.1%, other 0.9% (2021 est.)

Child Marriage

Women married BY age 15: 0.5% (2021)
Women married BY age 18: 6.9% (2021)

Dependency Ratios

Total dependency ratio: 61.3 (2024 est.)
Youth dependency ratio: 24.9 (2024 est.)
Potential support ratio: 2.7 (2024 est.)
Elderly dependency ratio: 36.4 (2024 est.)

Physician density: 3.63 physicians/1,000 population (2022)

Health Expenditure

Health expenditure (as % of GDP): 6.5% of GDP (2021)
Health expenditure (as % of national budget): 11.2% of national budget (2022 est.)

Net migration rate: -2.81 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2025 est.)
Hospital bed density: 7.1 beds/1,000 population (2020 est.)
Total fertility rate: 1.63 children born/woman (2025 est.)

Drinking Water Source

Improved: rural: rural: 100% of population (2022 est.)
Improved: total: total: 100% of population (2022 est.)
Improved: urban: urban: 100% of population (2022 est.)
Unimproved: rural: rural: 0% of population (2022 est.)
Unimproved: total: total: 0% of population (2022 est.)
Unimproved: urban: urban: 0% of population (2022 est.)

Education Expenditure

Education expenditure (% GDP): 3.3% of GDP (2022 est.)
Education expenditure (% national budget): 8.8% national budget (2022 est.)

Infant Mortality Rate

Male: 5.8 deaths/1,000 live births
Total: 5.3 deaths/1,000 live births (2025 est.)
Female: 5.2 deaths/1,000 live births

Population growth rate: -0.86% (2025 est.)
Gross reproduction rate: 0.79 (2025 est.)
Population distribution: urbanization is not particularly high, and the population distribution is fairly even throughout most of the country, with urban areas attracting larger and denser populations

Life Expectancy at Birth

Male: 73.4 years
Female: 80.5 years
Total population: 76.9 years (2024 est.)

Maternal mortality ratio: 12 deaths/100,000 live births (2023 est.)

Sanitation Facility Access

Improved: rural: rural: 77.9% of population (2022 est.)
Improved: total: total: 88.5% of population (2022 est.)
Improved: urban: urban: 97.5% of population (2022 est.)
Unimproved: rural: rural: 22.1% of population (2022 est.)
Unimproved: total: total: 11.5% of population (2022 est.)
Unimproved: urban: urban: 2.5% of population (2022 est.)

Alcohol Consumption Per Capita

Beer: 5.33 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
Wine: 3.38 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
Total: 10.96 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
Spirits: 2.25 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)
Other alcohols: 0 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

Major urban areas population: 1.776 million BUCHAREST (capital) (2023)
Obesity adult prevalence rate: 22.5% (2016)
Mother's mean age at first birth: 27.1 years (2020 est.)
Currently married women (ages 15 49): 56% (2021 est.)

School Life Expectancy (Primary to Tertiary Education)

Male: 13 years (2023 est.)
Total: 14 years (2023 est.)
Female: 14 years (2023 est.)

Government

Civica · structure

How power is organised

ExecutiveLegislative

Flag: description: three equal vertical bands of blue (left side), yellow, and red

meaning: the colors come from the principalities of Walachia (red and yellow) and Moldavia (red and blue), which united in 1862 to form Romania

history: modeled on the French flag; the national coat of arms that used to be centered on the yellow band has been removed

Capital

Name: Bucharest
Etymology: the name is said to come from a shepherd named Bucur who is reputed to have founded the town in 1457, but a settlement probably already existed on the site; the name may come from the personal name of an early landowner
Time difference: UTC+2 (7 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)
Daylight saving time: +1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October
Geographic coordinates: 44 26 N, 26 06 E

Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal

Citizenship

Citizenship BY birth: no
Citizenship BY descent only: at least one parent must be a citizen of Romania
Dual citizenship recognized: yes
Residency requirement for naturalization: 5 years

Constitution

History: several previous; latest adopted 21 November 1991, approved by referendum and effective 8 December 1991
Amendment process: initiated by the president of Romania through a proposal by the government, by at least one fourth of deputies or senators in Parliament, or by petition of eligible voters representing at least half of Romania’s counties; passage requires at least two-thirds majority vote by both chambers or – if mediation is required - by three-fourths majority vote in a joint session, followed by approval in a referendum; articles, including those on national sovereignty, form of government, political pluralism, and fundamental rights and freedoms cannot be amended

Country Name

Former: Kingdom of Romania, Romanian People's Republic, Socialist Republic of Romania
Etymology: the name derives from the Latin Romani, meaning "people from Rome;" the area was an outpost of the Roman Empire in the 2nd century A.D., and the current name was adopted when Moldavia and Wallachia merged in 1861
Local long form: none
Local short form: Romania
Conventional long form: none
Conventional short form: Romania

Independence: 9 May 1877 (independence proclaimed from the Ottoman Empire; 13 July 1878 (independence recognized by the Treaty of Berlin); 26 March 1881 (kingdom proclaimed); 30 December 1947 (republic proclaimed)
Legal system: civil law system
Government type: semi-presidential republic

Judicial Branch

Highest court(s): High Court of Cassation and Justice (consists of 111 judges organized into civil, penal, commercial, contentious administrative and fiscal business, and joint sections); Supreme Constitutional Court (consists of 9 members)
Subordinate courts: Courts of Appeal; regional tribunals; first instance courts; military and arbitration courts
Judge selection and term of office: High Court of Cassation and Justice judges appointed by the president upon nomination by the Superior Council of Magistracy, a 19-member body of judges, prosecutors, and law specialists; judges appointed for 6-year renewable terms; Constitutional Court members - 6 elected by Parliament and 3 appointed by the president; members serve 9-year, nonrenewable terms

Executive Branch

Note: note: the prime ministerial position will be rotated in 2027 from BOLOJAN to another coalition party member as part of a power-sharing agreement
Cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the prime minister
Chief of state: President Nicușor DAN (since 26 May 2025)
Election results: 2025: Nicușor DAN elected president in runoff; percent of vote - Nicușor DAN (unaffiliated) 53.6%, George SIMION (AUR) 46.4%

2019: Klaus IOHANNIS reelected president in second round; percent of vote - Klaus IOHANNIS (PNL) 66.1%, Viorica DANCILA (PSD) 33.9%
Head of government: Prime Minister Ilie BOLOJAN (since 23 June 2005)
Most recent election date: 18 May 2025
Election/appointment process: president directly elected by absolute-majority popular vote in 2 rounds, if needed, for a 5-year term (eligible for a second term); prime minister appointed by the president with consent of Parliament
Expected date of next election: 2030

National holiday: Unification Day (unification of Romania and Transylvania), 1 December (1918)
National color(s): blue, yellow, red

National Heritage

Total world heritage sites: 11 (9 cultural, 2 natural)
Selected world heritage site locales: Danube Delta (n); Churches of Moldavia (c); Monastery of Horezu (c); Villages with Fortified Churches in Transylvania (c); Dacian Fortresses of the Orastie Mountains (c); Historic Center of Sighişoara (c); Wooden Churches of Maramureş (c); Ancient and Primeval Beech Forests of the Carpathians and Other Regions of Europe (n); Roșia Montană Mining Landscape (c); Brâncuși Monumental Ensemble of Târgu Jiu (c); Frontiers of the Roman Empire – Dacia (c)

Political parties: Alliance for the Fatherland or APP
Alliance for the Unity of Romanians or AUR
Christian-Democratic National Peasants' Party or PNT-CD
Civic Hungarian Party
Democratic Union of Hungarians in Romania or UDMR
Ecologist Party of Romania or PER
Force of the Right or FD
Greater Romania Party or PRM
Green Party
National Liberal Party or PNL
Popular Movement Party or PMP
PRO Romania or PRO
Romanian Nationhood Party or PNR
Save Romania Union Party or USR
Social Democratic Party or PSD
Social Liberal Humanist Party or PUSL (formerly Humanist Power Party (Social-Liberal) or PPU-SL)
S.O.S. Romania
The Right Alternative or AD
United Romania Party or PRU
We are Renewing the European Project in Romania or REPER

Legislative Branch

Legislature name: Parliament of Romania (Parlamentul României)
Legislative structure: bicameral

National Anthem(s)

Title: "Desteapta-te romane!" (Wake up, Romanian!)
History: adopted 1990; the anthem was written during the 1848 Revolution
Lyrics/music: Andrei MURESIANU/Anton PANN

National symbol(s): golden eagle
Administrative divisions: 41 counties (judete, singular - judet) and 1 municipality* (municipiu); Alba, Arad, Arges, Bacau, Bihor, Bistrita-Nasaud, Botosani, Braila, Brasov, Bucuresti (Bucharest)*, Buzau, Calarasi, Caras-Severin, Cluj, Constanta, Covasna, Dambovita, Dolj, Galati, Gorj, Giurgiu, Harghita, Hunedoara, Ialomita, Iasi, Ilfov, Maramures, Mehedinti, Mures, Neamt, Olt, Prahova, Salaj, Satu Mare, Sibiu, Suceava, Teleorman, Timis, Tulcea, Vaslui, Valcea, Vrancea

Legislative Branch Lower Chamber

Chamber name: Chamber of Deputies (Camera Deputatilor)
Term in office: 4 years
Number of seats: 331 (all directly elected)
Electoral system: proportional representation
Scope of elections: full renewal
Most recent election date: 12/1/2024
Expected date of next election: November 2028
Percentage of women in chamber: 22.4%
Parties elected and seats per party: Social Democratic Party (PSD) (86); Alliance for the Union of Romanians (AUR) (63); National Liberal Party (PNL) (49); Save Romania Union (USR) (40); S.O.S. Romania (28); Party of Young People (POT) (24); Democratic Union of Hungarians in Romania (UDMR) (22)

Legislative Branch Upper Chamber

Chamber name: Senate (Senatul)
Term in office: 4 years
Number of seats: 136 (all directly elected)
Electoral system: proportional representation
Scope of elections: full renewal
Most recent election date: 12/1/2024
Expected date of next election: November 2028
Percentage of women in chamber: 20.9%
Parties elected and seats per party: Social Democratic Party (PSD) (36); Alliance for the Union of Romanians (AUR) (28); National Liberal Party (PNL) (22); Save Romania Union (USR) (19); S.O.S. Romania (12); Democratic Union of Hungarians in Romania (UDMR) (10); Party of Young People (POT) (7)

Diplomatic Representation in the US

Fax: [1] (202) 232-4748
Chancery: 1607 23rd Street NW, Washington, DC 20008
Telephone: [1] (202) 332-4829
Chief of mission: Ambassador Dan-Andrei MURARU (since 15 September 2021)
Consulate(s) general: Chicago, Los Angeles, Miami, New York
Email address and website: washington@mae.ro

https://washington.mae.ro/en

Diplomatic Representation from the US

Fax: [40] (21) 200-3442
Embassy: 4-6, Dr. Liviu Librescu Blvd., District 1, Bucharest, 015118
Telephone: [40] (21) 200-3300
Mailing address: 5260 Bucharest Place, Washington, DC  20521-5260
Chief of mission: Ambassador (vacant); Chargé d'Affaires Michael L. DICKERSON (since 20 May 2025)
Email address and website: ACSBucharest@state.gov

https://ro.usembassy.gov/

International organisations: Australia Group, BIS, BSEC, CBSS (observer), CD, CE, CEI, EAPC, EBRD, ECB, EIB, ESA, EU, FAO, G-9, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), LAIA (observer), MIGA, MONUSCO, NATO, NSG, OAS (observer), OIF, OPCW, OSCE, PCA, SELEC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, Union Latina, UNMIL, UNMISS, UNOCI, UNOOSA,UNWTO, UPU, Wassenaar Arrangement, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC
International law organization participation: accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction with reservations; accepts ICCt jurisdiction

Legislature

ROMANIA · LOWER HOUSE

Chamber of Deputies

331 seats · hover a seat for the party

Total seats

331

Majority line

167

Largest party

Social Democratic Party (PSD)

Parties

All political parties7 parties · 331 seats · click to dim in hemicycle

Upper house

ROMANIA · UPPER HOUSE

Senate

136 seats · hover a seat for the party

Total seats

136

Majority line

Largest party

Social Democratic Party (PSD)

Parties

All political parties7 parties · 136 seats · click to dim in hemicycle

Next election

Last: 2025

Leaders

Current

ND
Nicușor Dan
- Head of StateSince 2025
IB
Ilie Bolojan
- Head of GovernmentSince 2025

Economy

Budget

Note: note: central government revenues (excluding grants) and expenditures converted to US dollars at average official exchange rate for year indicated
Revenues: $93.691 billion (2022 est.)
Expenditures: $112.799 billion (2022 est.)

Exports

Civica canonical (reconciled): $136.2B

Note: note: balance of payments - exports of goods and services in current dollars
Exports 2022: $129.286 billion (2022 est.)
Exports 2023: $136.488 billion (2023 est.)
Exports 2024: $136.253 billion (2024 est.)

Imports

Civica canonical (reconciled): $159.2B

Note: note: balance of payments - imports of goods and services in current dollars
Imports 2022: $149.209 billion (2022 est.)
Imports 2023: $153.427 billion (2023 est.)
Imports 2024: $159.575 billion (2024 est.)

Industries: electric machinery and equipment, auto assembly, textiles and footwear, light machinery, metallurgy, chemicals, food processing, petroleum refining, mining, timber, construction materials
Labor force: 8.263 million (2024 est.)

Public Debt

Civica canonical (reconciled): 59.3%

Note: note: central government debt as a % of GDP
Public debt 2022: 50.9% of GDP (2022 est.)

Remittances

Note: note: personal transfers and compensation between resident and non-resident individuals/households/entities
Remittances 2022: 3% of GDP (2022 est.)
Remittances 2023: 2.8% of GDP (2023 est.)
Remittances 2024: 2.5% of GDP (2024 est.)

Exchange Rates

Currency: lei (RON) per US dollar -
Exchange rates 2020: 4.244 (2020 est.)
Exchange rates 2021: 4.16 (2021 est.)
Exchange rates 2022: 4.688 (2022 est.)
Exchange rates 2023: 4.574 (2023 est.)
Exchange rates 2024: 4.598 (2024 est.)

Economic overview: high-income, EU-member economy; euro membership delayed over macroeconomic indicators; persistent inflation, but consumption and EU-funded investments driving recovery; skilled labor shortage; high public debt and budget deficit; challenges include fiscal sustainability and political instability

Unemployment Rate

Civica canonical (reconciled): 6.0%

Note: note: % of labor force seeking employment
Unemployment rate 2022: 5.7% (2022 est.)
Unemployment rate 2023: 5.6% (2023 est.)
Unemployment rate 2024: 5.4% (2024 est.)

Exports partners: Germany 19%, Italy 10%, France 6%, UK 5%, Hungary 4% (2023)
Imports partners: Germany 19%, Italy 8%, Hungary 6%, Poland 6%, China 6% (2023)

Real GDP Per Capita

Civica canonical (reconciled): $49,077

Note: note: data in 2021 dollars
Real GDP per capita 2022: $39,400 (2022 est.)
Real GDP per capita 2023: $40,300 (2023 est.)
Real GDP per capita 2024: $40,600 (2024 est.)

Real GDP Growth Rate

Civica canonical (reconciled): 0.7%

Note: note: annual GDP % growth based on constant local currency
Real GDP growth rate 2022: 4% (2022 est.)
Real GDP growth rate 2023: 2.4% (2023 est.)
Real GDP growth rate 2024: 0.8% (2024 est.)

Agricultural products: wheat, maize, milk, sunflower seeds, barley, rapeseed, potatoes, grapes, plums, apples (2023)
Exports commodities: cars, vehicle parts/accessories, insulated wire, garments, wheat (2023)
Imports commodities: vehicle parts/accessories, packaged medicine, cars, crude petroleum, plastic products (2023)

Current Account Balance

Civica canonical (reconciled): -$31.2B

Note: note: balance of payments - net trade and primary/secondary income in current dollars
Current account balance 2022: -$27.326 billion (2022 est.)
Current account balance 2023: -$24.461 billion (2023 est.)
Current account balance 2024: -$31.988 billion (2024 est.)

Taxes and other revenues: 16.2% (of GDP) (2022 est.)
GDP (official exchange rate): $382.768 billion (2024 est.)

GDP Composition, BY End Use

Note: note: figures may not total 100% due to rounding or gaps in data collection
Household consumption: 63.5% (2024 est.)
Government consumption: 18.3% (2024 est.)
Investment in inventories: -1.4% (2024 est.)
Investment in fixed capital: 25.7% (2024 est.)
Exports of goods and services: 35.6% (2024 est.)
Imports of goods and services: -41.7% (2024 est.)

Population below poverty line: 21.1% (2022 est.)

Average Household Expenditures

On food: 25.1% of household expenditures (2023 est.)
On alcohol and tobacco: 6.1% of household expenditures (2023 est.)

Inflation Rate (Consumer Prices)

Civica canonical (reconciled): 6.8%

Note: note: annual % change based on consumer prices
Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2022: 13.8% (2022 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2023: 10.4% (2023 est.)
Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2024: 5.7% (2024 est.)

Industrial production growth rate: -0.9% (2024 est.)

Real GDP (Purchasing Power Parity)

Civica canonical (reconciled): $774.376 billion (2024 est.)

Note: note: data in 2021 dollars
Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2022: $750.091 billion (2022 est.)
Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2023: $768.126 billion (2023 est.)
Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2024: $774.376 billion (2024 est.)

Youth Unemployment Rate (Ages 15 24)

Male: 21.1% (2024 est.)
Note: note: % of labor force ages 15-24 seeking employment
Total: 21.3% (2024 est.)
Female: 21.8% (2024 est.)

Reserves of Foreign Exchange and Gold

Note: note: holdings of gold (year-end prices)/foreign exchange/special drawing rights in current dollars
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2022: $55.81 billion (2022 est.)
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2023: $73 billion (2023 est.)
Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2024: $73.391 billion (2024 est.)

GDP Composition, BY Sector of Origin

Note: note: figures may not total 100% due to non-allocated consumption not captured in sector-reported data
Industry: 25% (2024 est.)
Services: 62.5% (2024 est.)
Agriculture: 3.3% (2024 est.)

Note: note: % share of income accruing to lowest and highest 10% of population
Lowest 10%: 1.9% (2022 est.)
Highest 10%: 22.6% (2022 est.)

Gini Index Coefficient Distribution of Family Income

Note: note: index (0-100) of income distribution; higher values represent greater inequality
Gini index coefficient distribution of family income 2022: 32.3 (2022 est.)

Energy

Coal

Exports: 290,000 metric tons (2023 est.)
Imports: 736,000 metric tons (2023 est.)
Production: 14.752 million metric tons (2023 est.)
Consumption: 15.533 million metric tons (2023 est.)
Proven reserves: 291 million metric tons (2023 est.)

Petroleum

Total petroleum production: 67,000 bbl/day (2023 est.)
Crude oil estimated reserves: 600 million barrels (2021 est.)
Refined petroleum consumption: 220,000 bbl/day (2023 est.)

Electricity

Exports: 13.106 billion kWh (2023 est.)
Imports: 10.088 billion kWh (2023 est.)
Consumption: 48.73 billion kWh (2023 est.)
Installed generating capacity: 19.748 million kW (2023 est.)
Transmission/distribution losses: 5.817 billion kWh (2023 est.)

Natural Gas

Exports: 2.231 billion cubic meters (2023 est.)
Imports: 2.793 billion cubic meters (2023 est.)
Production: 9.632 billion cubic meters (2023 est.)
Consumption: 9.395 billion cubic meters (2023 est.)
Proven reserves: 105.48 billion cubic meters (2021 est.)

Nuclear Energy

Number of operational nuclear reactors: 2 (2025)
Percent of total electricity production: 18.9% (2023 est.)
Net capacity of operational nuclear reactors: 1.3GW (2025 est.)

Electricity Access

Electrification total population: 100% (2022 est.)

Energy Consumption Per Capita

Total energy consumption per capita 2023: 59.377 million Btu/person (2023 est.)

Electricity Generation Sources

Wind: 13% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
Solar: 3.9% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
Nuclear: 18% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
Fossil fuels: 32.2% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
Hydroelectricity: 32.5% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)
Biomass and waste: 0.4% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)

Communications

Internet Users

Percent of population: 89% (2023 est.)

Broadcast media: a mixture of public and private TV stations; 7 public (2 national, 5 regional) and 187 private TV stations using terrestrial broadcasting, plus 11 public and 86 private TV stations using satellite broadcasting; state-owned public radio broadcaster operates 4 national networks, as well as regional and local stations; 502 private radio stations using terrestrial broadcasting, and 26 using satellite broadcasting
Internet country code: .ro

Telephones Fixed Lines

Total subscriptions: 1.96 million (2023 est.)
Subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 10 (2023 est.)

Telephones Mobile Cellular

Total subscriptions: 23.2 million (2022 est.)
Subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 118 (2022 est.)

Broadband Fixed Subscriptions

Total: 6.63 million (2023 est.)
Subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 35 (2023 est.)

Transport

Ports

Large: 0
Small: 1
Medium: 2
Key ports: Basarabi, Braila, Cernavoda, Constanta, Danube-Black Sea Canal, Galati, Mangalia, Medgidia, Midia, Sulina, Tulcea
Very small: 8
Total ports: 11 (2024)
Ports with oil terminals: 4

Airports: 103 (2025)

Railways

Total: 10,628 km (2020) 4,030 km electrified

Heliports: 24 (2025)

Merchant Marine

Total: 127 (2023)
BY type: general cargo 9, oil tanker 7, other 111

Civil aircraft registration country code prefix: YR

Environment

Climate: temperate; cold, cloudy winters with frequent snow and fog; sunny summers with frequent showers and thunderstorms

Geoparks

Global geoparks and regional networks: Buzău; Haţeg (2023)
Total global geoparks and regional networks: 2

Land Use

Other: 14.5% (2023 est.)
Forest: 30.2% (2023 est.)
Agricultural land: 55.3% (2023 est.)
Agricultural land: arable land: arable land: 36.5% (2023 est.)
Agricultural land: permanent crops: permanent crops: 1.8% (2023 est.)
Agricultural land: permanent pasture: permanent pasture: 17% (2023 est.)

Urbanization

Urban population: 54.7% of total population (2023)
Rate of urbanization: -0.15% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)

Methane Emissions

Other: 11.8 kt (2019-2021 est.)
Waste: 247.7 kt (2019-2021 est.)
Energy: 325.6 kt (2022-2024 est.)
Agriculture: 355.4 kt (2019-2021 est.)

Waste and Recycling

Municipal solid waste generated annually: 5.42 million tons (2024 est.)
Percent of municipal solid waste recycled: 13% (2022 est.)

Environmental issues: soil erosion, degradation, and desertification; water pollution; air pollution in south from industrial effluents; contamination of Danube delta wetlands

Total Water Withdrawal

Municipal: 1.256 billion cubic meters (2022)
Industrial: 3.94 billion cubic meters (2022)
Agricultural: 2.955 billion cubic meters (2022)

Carbon Dioxide Emissions

Total emissions: 61.416 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)
From consumed natural gas: 17.444 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)
From coal and metallurgical coke: 13.07 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)
From petroleum and other liquids: 30.902 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)

Particulate matter emissions: 14.6 micrograms per cubic meter (2019 est.)
Total renewable water resources: 212.01 billion cubic meters (2022 est.)

International Environmental Agreements

Party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Heavy Metals, Air Pollution-Multi-effect Protocol, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Antarctic-Environmental Protection, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 2006, Wetlands, Whaling
Signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Military & Security

Military note: the Romanian Armed Forces are responsible for territorial defense, fulfilling the country's commitments to European security, and contributing to multinational peacekeeping operations; the military has a variety of concerns, including Russian aggression against Ukraine, Russia's activities in the Black Sea and in Moldova, cyber attacks, hybrid threats, and terrorism; a key focus for the military is equipment modernization

Romania joined NATO in 2004, and its membership forms a key pillar of the country’s defense policy; it hosts a NATO multinational divisional headquarters (Multinational Division Southeast) and a French-led ground force battlegroup as part of NATO's Enhanced Forward Presence initiative in the southeastern part of the Alliance, which came about in response to Russia’s 2022 invasion of Ukraine; NATO allies have also sent detachments of fighters to augment the Romanian Air Force since 2014 because of aggressive Russian activity in the Black Sea region; the Romanian military trains with NATO and its member states and has participated in NATO- and EU-led multinational missions in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Kosovo, and Poland; it also participates in UN peacekeeping missions (2025)
Military deployments: 470 Bosnia Herzegovina (EUFOR); 200 Kosovo (KFOR/NATO); up to 120 Poland (NATO); Romania also has small numbers of military personnel deployed on other international missions under the EU, NATO, and UN (2025)

Military Expenditures

Civica canonical (reconciled): 2.3% of GDP (2025 est.)

Military expenditures 2021: 1.9% of GDP (2021 est.)
Military expenditures 2022: 1.8% of GDP (2022 est.)
Military expenditures 2023: 1.6% of GDP (2023 est.)
Military expenditures 2024: 2.2% of GDP (2024 est.)
Military expenditures 2025: 2.3% of GDP (2025 est.)

Military and security forces: Romanian Armed Forces (Forțele Armate Române or Armata Română): Romanian Land Forces, Romanian Naval Forces, Romanian Air Force

Ministry of Internal Affairs: Romanian Police, Romanian Gendarmerie, Romanian Border Police (2025)
Military service age and obligation: typically 18-35 years of age for voluntary service for men and women; compulsory service ended in 2007 (2025)
Military equipment inventories and acquisitions: the military's inventory includes a considerable amount of Soviet-era and older domestically produced weapons systems, although in recent years Romania has launched an effort to acquire more modern and NATO-standard equipment from European countries and the US, including aircraft and armored vehicles (2025)
Military and security service personnel strengths: approximately 70,000 active Armed Forces (2025)

Terrorism

Terrorist group(s): Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham (ISIS)

Space

Space agency/agencies: Romanian Space Agency (Agentia Spatiala Romania, ROSA; established 1991) (2025)
Space program overview: develops and produces a range of capabilities and technologies, including satellites, satellite launch vehicles, remote sensing, human space flight, navigation, and telecommunications; program is integrated into the ESA; participates in EU and international space programs; works with a variety of foreign space agencies and commercial space entities, including those of Azerbaijan, China, Japan, Russia, and the US; also works bilaterally with ESA member states, particularly Bulgaria, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy; has an active space-industry sector with over 50 entities (2025)
Key space program milestones: 1967-1968 - began participating in Soviet Intercosmos program and established the Romanian Commission for Space Activities to coordinate national space activities

1981 - first Romanian in space on Soviet spacecraft

2010 - domestically developed commercial rocket launched to an altitude of 40,000 m (24.9 mi)

2012 - first domestically produced scientific/experimental microsatellite (Goliat) launched (failed to operate)

2022 - joined US-led Artemis Accords for space exploration

2023 - digital amateur-radio-repeater microsatellite (ROM-2) launched on US commercial rocket

Transnational Issues

Refugees and Internally Displaced Persons

Refugees: 184,991 (2024 est.)
Stateless persons: 297 (2024 est.)

Scores & Rankings

ScoreValueGlobal rankTrendAs of

Civica Index57.0 / 100as of 2024-Q471 / 1902024-Q4

Civica Pulse−1.5as of 2026-05-06—2026-05-06

V-Dem Liberal Democracy0.45as of 2024-Q471 / 1702024-Q4

Freedom House StatusPartly Free (83/100)as of 2024-Q4—2024-Q4

Press Freedom (RSF)Partly free (65/100)as of 2024—2024

Cite this page

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Civica. (2026). Civica Atlas — Romania — vintage 2026-Q1: Romania factbook. Civica Atlas. Retrieved May 7, 2026, from https://civicaatlas.org/factbook/romania

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Sources: Eurostat, FAO FAOSTAT, ILO ILOSTAT, IMF (WEO), OECD.Stat, UN Statistics Division, UNDP HDR, UNESCO Institute for Statistics, V-Dem, WHO Global Health Observatory, World Bank, CIA World Factbook, Wikidata

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